1. BELLWORK 1. Make sure you get a sheet with closure questions. You have 20 minutes to complete these. No, they do NOT have to be in complete sentences.

2. CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR 8-4.3

3. I. NULLIFICATION CRISIS A. Protective Tariff= tax on imported goods 1. Benefits the North because it makes their goods cost less than European goods 2. Hurts the South because it makes everything more expensive 3. South Carolina objected to the tariff.

4. PROTECTIVE TARIFF Great Britain: America: $180$200 Protective Tariff: $25 Total Cost: $205$200

5. I. NULLIFICATION CRISIS B. A tariff is passed in 1828 1. VP John C. Calhoun writes the Exposition and Protests which states that the US is held together by the agreement of the states. i. Compact Theory: states can decide a law is illegal and nullify it ii. According to the Constitution, the Supreme Court not the states, decide if laws are Constitutional

6. I. NULLIFICATION CRISIS 2. South Carolina is split into two parties: I. States’ Rights Party (Nullifiers) = supported Compact Theory II. Union Party (Unionists) = against Compact Theory 3. In 1832, the nullifiers won control of SC’s legislature

7. I. NULLIFICATION CRISIS C. Another tariff is passed in 1832 1. SC legislature decides to nullify the law under the Compact Theory 2. President Jackson passes the Force Bill, which lets the national government send troops to collect the money from SC

8. I. NULLIFICATION CRISIS D. Compromise: US would lower the tariff and SC would un-do their nullification 1. SC nullifies the Force Bill because they want to prove they can. Nothing is resolved about nullification. E. The Nullification Crisis leads to the theory of secession: states could leave the country if they want to 1. Under this, states are more powerful than the Federal government

9. READ THESE PAGES AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. 1. Explain what federalism means. 2. Why was the tariff nicknamed “tariff of abominations”? 3. What does it mean to nullify a law? What law did Thomas Jefferson and James Madison want to nullify? 4. How did SC and Andrew Jackson resolve the situation? 1. What does “states’ rights” mean? 2. How was slavery connected to the states’ rights debate? 3. How was Calhoun different in his attitude toward slavery? 4. How has the relationship between the states and federal government changed since the Civil War? BLUE BOOK PG 126-127 BLUE BOOK PAGES 110-111

10. BELLWORK Use the format: Somebody…wanted…but…so to summarize the Nullification Crisis.

11. II. WESTWARD EXPANSION A. Westward expansion led to growing sectionalism and controversy over the expansion of slavery to the territories. B. Missouri Compromise 1. Missouri is the first state from the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood. i. There would be an odd number of states, so either free or slave states would have more votes in the Senate

12. II. WESTWARD EXPANSION 3. Missouri becomes a slave state, Maine added as a free state to keep the balance. 4. How did they try to prevent further arguments about slavery? Slavery is illegal north of the 36 30’ latitude line

13. II. WESTWARD EXPANSION C. California Territory 1. Gold rush of 1849 sent thousands rushing to California 2. “free soil” because gold miners don’t want to compete against rich men bringing their slaves 3. However, if California is a free state then there are more free states than slave states. Results in the Compromise of 1850.

15. II. WESTWARD EXPANSION D. Compromise of 1850 1. California is a free state 2. Outlaws slave trade in Washington, D.C. 3. Popular Sovereignty: states/territories vote on slavery 4. Fugitive Slave Law: free states have to return run away slaves to their owners

17. II. WESTWARD EXPANSION E. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1. Kansas is supposed to be a free state but politicians want to build a RR and need Southern support to get the RR built 2. So, it repeals the Missouri Compromise and used popular sovereignty to decide slavery

18. II. WESTWARD EXPANSION 2. Bleeding Kansas i. abolitionists and slave owners temporarily move to Kansas so their side wins the vote ii. Vicious fighting iii. Northerners appalled at violence form the Republican Party

19. BELLWORK  What did the Missouri Compromise say?  Why did there need to be a compromise when California applied for statehood?

20. III. FINAL CAUSES A. Dred Scott 1. Slave taken into a free territory 2. Sues for freedom with help from abolitionists 3. Claims “once free, always free”

21. III. FINAL CAUSES B. The Dred Scott Decision 1. Supreme Court tries to end the slavery controversy. 2. African Americans aren’t citizens so they can’t sue 3. Slaves are property and the government has no right to take someone’s property 4. Government can’t limit the expansion of slavery because citizens have the right to take their property wherever they want

22. C. Reactions to the Dred Scott Case 1. Northerners claimed the Supreme Court wanted to end democracy. Why? The Court would take away their right to outlaw slavery in their states. 2. Southerners= very happy

23. III. FINAL CAUSES D. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1. Northern states pass laws to protect escaped salves 2. Written to protest the Fugitive Slave Law 3. South is furious at the book

24. III. FINAL CAUSES D. Harper’s Ferry 1. Response: Many Southerner’s thought freed slaves and abolitionists would endanger their lives

25. III. FINAL CAUSES F. Republican Party 1. Republicans formed during Bleeding Kansas 2. Lincoln supports “free soil” = stop the spread of slavery 3. Lincoln is NOT an abolitionist

27. III. FINAL CAUSES G. Election of 1860 1. Lincoln wins with votes from the North 2. Southerners think a Republican president will hurt them and not protect their rights 3. So, SC signs the Articles of Secession