1. The War to End All War (1917-1918) Chapter 30

2. A. Wilson’s Idealism Many opposed to war, thus Wilson had to win the people over He claimed that the war was being fought to “make the world safe from Democracy” He claimed that Europe was fighting due to imperialism and the U.S. goals were more noble Americans could be isolationist or crusaders His plan for renewal in the war was called his Fourteen Points – Abolish secret treaties – Freedom and unrestricted trade in the seas – Remove economic barriers – Reduce Armaments – Create a League of Nations to oversee disputes

3. B. Gaining Support Committee of Public Information was formed to produce propaganda George Creel was the head of the CPI Propaganda included posters, films, books, etc. All demonized the enemy and played on American’s emotions Those that didn’t buy in were forced to About 8 Million German Americans in the U.S. Rumors grew of spies, but no evidence Espionage Act of 1917 forbade any act which impeded U.S. efforts Sedition Act of 1918 forbade disloyal speech

4. Known Socialist Eugene Debs was arrested for distributing communist leaflets favoring sabotage Many argued that the laws violated 1 st Amendment Schenk v. U.S. 1919 – Supreme Court upheld sedition acts if someone’s speech presented a “clear and present danger”

5. C. Converting to a War Machine U.S. not equipped to fight a world war No one knew how much material to make Some people afraid of gov’t telling businesses what to produce National War Labor Board created to solve disputes btwn business and labor Gov’ts force employers to pay higher wages and grant 8-hour workday Samuel Gompers and the AFL Supported the war More radical groups like the Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies), sabotaged the war effort After the war, labor union membership tripled Workers still not granted federal protection for right to organize

6. Many African American men moved north to find factory jobs Job competition and proximity of living caused race riots, especially in Chicago 1919

7. D. Women’s Suffrage Thousands of women flocked to factories to replace male soldiers Some women like Alice Paul were pacifists protesting the war Most suffragettes supported the war Wilson, impressed by women’s contribution endorsed suffrage NY voted for state suffrage in 1917 Eventually, many states do the same In 1920, the 19 th Amendment was passed which granted women’s suffrage.

8. E. The War Economy Food needed to be mobilized Herbert Hoover placed in charge of Food Administration – He used propaganda to get Americans to conserve food – “Wheatless Wednesdays, Meatless Tuesdays Victory Gardens Gov’t provided subsidies to farmers to get them to grow more food The gov’t made over $21 Billion issuing war bonds Mostly, participation in war was voluntary, but the gov’t did take control of RR’s in 1917

9. F. The Soldiers In order to get soldiers, U.S. drafted them All males 18-45 Some conscientious objectors U.S. raised an army of 4 million 1917, Russia pulled out of war, thus allies desperate General Pershing did not want to send troops directly into combat w/o training Upon arriving in France, troops did not see action for about a year First significant battle was the battle of Chateau-Theirry defeated a massive German army The last massive allied assault was the Meuse-Argonne Offensive Alvin C. York, American solider single- handedly killed 20 Germans and captured 132

10. G. Germany Surrenders and Wilson Blunders Germans force Kaiser Wilhelm II from power and ask for peace based on fourteen points November 11, 1918, Armistice was signed Key facture in Allied victory was U.S. participation Woodrow Wilson a hero in Europe In 1918, Republics gain control of Congress Wilson decided to go to Paris to personally negotiate the talks, which angered Republicans As part of his delegation, he did not allow any Republicans, Henry Cabot Lodge would have been the obvious choice

11. H. Wilson vs. Europe: The Treat of Versailles The fate of Europe rested in the hands of four people The Big Four – Wilson (U.S.), David Lloyd George (Br.), Georges Clemanceau (Fr.), and Vittorio Orlando (It.) Germany and Russia not invited to talks (big mistake) At the Paris Peace Conference Jan. 18, 1919, these four made all decisions Wilson’s ultimate goal was the League of Nations Wilson’s idea of peace, vastly different from Europeans Wilson wanted fourteen points, Europe wanted land, money, and retribution on Germany

12. U.S. Senate proclaimed they would not approve League of Nations France got the Saar Region of Germany Italy wanted Fiume a seaport in Yugoslavia, but was refused, so Orlando left the meeting Japan wanted German islands in the Pacific and control of Shangdong Germany also had to – Reduce military to 100,000 men – Scrap their Navy and Air Force – Pay billions in War Reparations Wilson not happy, thought it was too harsh

13. I. Wilson’s Return Home Wilson returned to the U.S. a villain U.S. hated the League of Nations Many argued treaty was too harsh toward Germany Henry Cabot Lodge spread disapproval throughout the gov’t In 1919, Wilson toured the U.S. trying to gain support, but collapsed from exhaustion by late 1919 Lodge ultimately got the senate to reject the Treaty of Versailles The U.S. never joined the League of Nations

14. J. The Election of 1920 In 1920, Warren G. Harding (R) ran against James Cox (D) Harding wins the election Americans sick of war, ready for Isolationism The Treaty of Versailles ultimately leads to WWII.