2. RICHARD M. NIXON  New Federalism  Southern Strategy  Stagflation  OPEC  Foreign Policy  Watergate

3. NEW FEDERALISM  Reduce government responsibilities from Great Society  Expand Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid  Took away money from health, housing, and education programs

4. SOUTHERN STRATEGY  Attract southerners unhappy about the war and desegregation  Tried to slow down desegregating schools  Permitted VP Agnew to make verbal assaults on war protesters  Appointed 4 justices to Supreme Court with conservative agenda  Warren Burger

5. STAGFLATION  Stagflation = high inflation & high unemployment  too much govt. spending on Great Society & Vietnam War  Nixon froze business prices and wages for 90 days  Took the dollar off the gold standard  Placed a 10% surtax on all imports

6. OPEC  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries  Made up of Middle East countries  Refused to ship oil to U.S.  Why? U.S. supports Israel in the Yom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria  After war, oil was 4 times higher than what it was

7. FOREIGN POLICY  “Vietnamization: Gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam – but gave South Vietnam money, weapons and training to take over the war  Nixon Doctrine: Asian allies would receive U.S. support, but without the extensive use of ground forces  Cambodia invasion  Pentagon Papers leaked  Paris Accords of January 1973  America removed from the war

8. FOREIGN POLICY  Détente  A deliberate reduction of Cold War tensions  negotiating with communists  Nixon visits China to ease tensions  SALT I Treaty with Soviets  limits ABMs (antiballistic missiles)  Nixon: first president to visit Moscow

9. VIDEO CLIP: FROST NIXON

10. WATERGATE  Nixon insecure & secretive  confided only to a select group of people  tape recorded his conversations in the Oval Office  June 17, 1972: 5 men caught breaking into Democratic HQ at the Watergate Hotel  White House began to cover-up link to President by shredding documents

11. WATERGATE  Woodward and Bernstein: two reporters from Washington Post that uncovered evidence linking burglary to White House  VP Spiro Agnew resigned because a grand jury indicted him for accepting bribes while being governor of Maryland  Gerald Ford becomes new VP  Saturday Night Massacre  Nixon orders Attorney General to fire Archibald Cox (special investigator)

12. WATERGATE  1974: Nixon releases edited tapes of conversations in Oval Office.  U.S. v. Nixon: Supreme Court orders him to give up the unedited tapes  July 27: House of Representatives impeach Nixon  August 9 th : Nixon resigns but admitted no guilt  American people view image of presidency destroyed

13. NIXON FAREWELL

14. GERALD R. FORD  Ending Watergate  Troubled Economy  Hostile Congress  Cold War Tensions  Southeast Asia  Assassination Attempts

15. GERALD R. FORD - 1933 University of Michigan

16. ENDING WATERGATE  Ford only Vice-President and President never elected  September 8, 1974: Ford issues Proclamation 4311 giving Nixon a full and unconditional pardon  Believed pardon was in the best interest of the nation  Critics said a “corrupt bargain” had been struck  At the same time, he announced a conditional amnesty program for Vietnam War draft dodgers

17. THE ECONOMY & HOSTILE CONGRESS WWIN= Whip Inflation Now AAsked Americans to reduce their spending and consumption of gas OOPEC raised the cost of gas HHe tried to cut government spending TTriggered worst economic recession in 40 years BBattled Democratic Congress vvetoed 50+ pieces of legislation

18. COLD WAR TENSIONS  Continues negotiations with Soviet Union and China  1975: Helsinki Accords  35 nations promised cooperation between Eastern and Western Europe

19. SOUTHEAST ASIA  April 29, 1975: Fall of Saigon  U.S. was able to evacuate about 150,000 Vietnamese who faced persecution  Cambodia’s fall to Communism  Killed over one million people in a relocation program to rid the country of western influence

20. SAIGON & PANMUNJOM

21. ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS  September 5 th, 1975 (Sacramento)  Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme  follower of Charles Manson  she pulled a Colt 45 handgun and pulled the trigger but Secret Service Agent grabs gun… no round in firing chamber  sentenced to life in prison but paroled August 14, 2009  September 22, 1975 (San Francisco)  Sara Jane Moore  38 caliber revolver  former Marine, Oliver Sipple grabbed gun and deflected shot  sentenced to life in prison but paroled December 31, 2007

22. JAMES EARL CARTER  Election of 1976  Ford vs. Jimmy Carter  Carter: former governor of GA  Outsider to D.C. politics  Carter promised not to tell a lie to American people  Democrats won the presidency and majorities in Congress  Alienated Congress because he refused to play “insider” deal making  both parties worked together to block his policies

23. ENERGY CRISIS  The U.S. was suffering from the growing inflation rate.  By 1979, inflation reached 13%  Most important issue  Carter believed U.S. relied too much on foreign oil  100 proposals on energy conservation  National Energy Act (1978): tax on gas guzzling cars and tax credit for alternative energy

24. HUMAN RIGHTS & COLD WAR TENSION  Carter appointed Andrew Young, an African American to serve as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations  Cut off relations with countries who imprisoned and tortured citizens  Argentina and Chile put on that list  Relations with Soviet Union became sour because Soviet Union invades Afghanistan and Carter refuses to sign SALT II to limit nuclear arms  Carter placed an embargo on grain and technological imports to the Soviet Union  U.S. boycotts 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow

25. BOYCOTTING OLYMPIC GAMES

26. PANAMA CANAL  U.S. owned Panama Canal since 1914  Theodore Roosevelt’s greatest foreign policy achievement (Big Stick Diplomacy)  Panamanians resented U.S. occupation  1977: U.S. agreed to turn over canal on December 31, 1999  Result: Improved relations with U.S. and Latin America

27. CAMP DAVID ACCORDS  Carter invites Prime Ministers of Egypt and Israel to Camp David  Anwar Sadat (Egypt)  Menachem Begin (Israel)  Signed a Peace Agreement  Israel agreed to withdraw from Sinai Peninsula which it got after 6 Day War in 1967  Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist  Most of the Arab world opposed the treaty.

28. IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS  Jan. 1979: Ayatollah Khomeini led rebels to overthrow corrupt Shah of Iran  U.S. supported the Shah because he provided oil  U.S. let Shah into U.S. for cancer treatment  Nov. 4, 1979: Armed students take over U.S. embassy in Tehran and hold 52 Americans for 444 days  Demanded U.S. send Shah back to Iran, but Carter refused  April 1980: Carter approved a rescue mission, but machine failures caused them to abort the mission.  Carter’s unsuccessful attempts to free the hostages became a symbol of failed presidency.

29. RISE OF CONSERVATISM  Reaction to counterculture and liberalism of 1960s and 1970s  Famous Personalities:  Barry Goldwater  Ronald Reagan  Led by conservative leaders, societies views were clearly shifting and opposed:  Big government, New Deal Liberalism, gun control, feminism, gay rights, welfare, affirmative action, sexual permissiveness, abortion and drug use.  Moral Majority:  Led by Jerry Falwell  Financed campaigns to unseat liberal members of Congress

30. ELECTION OF 1980  Democrats  Jimmy Carter  Republicans  Ronald Reagan  Campaign  Debate  “There you go again.” “There you go again.”  “Are you better now than you were four years ago?” “Are you better now than you were four years ago?”

31. RONALD REAGAN “Reaganomics” - Supply-Side Economics  Tax Cuts  Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981)  25% tax decrease over 3 years  Up to $2,000 could be invested in IRAs without being taxed.  Spending cuts on domestic and social welfare programs  Food stamps, student loans, and mass transportation  More money was paid into Social Security and the age to receive it was raised to 67  Massive military expenditures

32. ELECTION OF 1984  Republicans  Ronald Reagan  Democrats  Walter Mondale  Nominated Geraldine Ferraro as VP  National Rainbow Coalition  Jesse Jackson

33. RONALD REAGAN’S FOREIGN POLICY  Military Buildup  Reagan’s administration spent billions to build new weapons  Spending grew from $171 billion to $300 billion  Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)  Plan to build high-tech system of lasers and particle beams to destroy enemy missiles before they could reach U.S. territory

34. RONALD REAGAN’S FOREIGN POLICY  Nicaragua:  Provided aid to “contras”: group of Nicaragua natives who want to overthrow a Marxist movement  Democrats pass the Boland Agreement: prohibited further aid to the contras  Grenada:  Reagan sent in marines to avoid the establishment of Communist military bases

35. RONALD REAGAN’S FOREIGN POLICY  Iran-Contra Affair:  Since 1980, Iran and Iraq had been engaged in war  Reagan secretly approved the selling of military supplies to Iran in exchange freeing some American hostages  A Regan staff member decided to use the profits to fund the contras of Nicaragua  Reagan denied involvement and suffered a temporary drop in popularity

36. RONALD REAGAN AND THE COLD WAR  Reagan’s arms buildup led to Soviet deployment of more missiles against NATO  1985: Mikhail Gorbachev became new Soviet leader  Wanted to change the soviet policies to lead to greater political freedom  Gorbachev and Reagan signed the INF  Remove and destroy all intermediate range missiles  Gorbachev also pressured Iraq and Iran to end their war  The Cold War seemed to be coming to an end

37. ELECTION OF 1988  Democrats  Michael Dukakis  Republicans  George H.W. Bush  Campaign  “Read my lips. No new taxes.” “Read my lips. No new taxes.”

38. BUSH’S FOREIGN POLICY: COMMUNISM  China : Students tried to protest in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, but the Communist government crushed the protests.  Without Soviet support, communist governments fell from Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania  Protestors tore down the Berlin Wall in East Germany and in October 1990, the two Germanys were reunited  Many Soviet republics declared independence and others were dissolved: no more Soviet Union

39. BUSH’S FOREIGN POLICY: COLD WAR  Start I and II Agreements:  Start I (1991): reduced the number of nuclear warheads to under 10,000 for each side  Start II (1992): Reduced the number of nuclear weapons to just over 3,000 each  The end of the Cold War led to many Americans to question the defense- spending budget as well as the amount of U.S. military bases.

40. GEORGE H.W. BUSH (R) (1989-1993)  American with Disabilities Act (1990)  Recession (1990-1991)  Led to $133 billion in new taxes  Persian Gulf War (1991)  Iraq’s Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990 – threating oil resources.  U.N. forces joined together in Operation Desert Storm  Five weeks of air strikes and 100 hours of ground fighting – Iraq conceded defeat.  Highest popularity due to swift victory

41. ELECTION OF 1992  Democrats  Bill Clinton  Republicans  George H.W. Bush  Reform Party  H. Ross Perot

42. BILL CLINTON (D) (1993-2001)  North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994)  Free trade zone with Canada and Mexico  Deficit-reduction budget  $255 billion in spending cuts  $241 billion in tax increases  Republican Revolution (1994)  Contract with America  Newt Gingrich  Balanced Budget

43. BILL CLINTON (D) (1993-2001)  Impeachment  Accusations that Clinton lied about his relations with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky  December 1998: the House voted to impeach Clinton on two counts – perjury and obstruction of justice  Popular opinion did not support the Republican impeachment.  February 1999: the Senate did not receive a majority vote to uphold either charge against Clinton.  Clinton’s reputation was damaged: first president impeached since 1868.