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RICHARD M. NIXON New Federalism Southern Strategy Stagflation OPEC Foreign Policy Watergate
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NEW FEDERALISM Reduce government responsibilities from Great Society Expand Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid Took away money from health, housing, and education programs
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SOUTHERN STRATEGY Attract southerners unhappy about the war and desegregation Tried to slow down desegregating schools Permitted VP Agnew to make verbal assaults on war protesters Appointed 4 justices to Supreme Court with conservative agenda Warren Burger
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STAGFLATION Stagflation = high inflation & high unemployment too much govt. spending on Great Society & Vietnam War Nixon froze business prices and wages for 90 days Took the dollar off the gold standard Placed a 10% surtax on all imports
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OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Made up of Middle East countries Refused to ship oil to U.S. Why? U.S. supports Israel in the Yom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria After war, oil was 4 times higher than what it was
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FOREIGN POLICY “Vietnamization: Gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam – but gave South Vietnam money, weapons and training to take over the war Nixon Doctrine: Asian allies would receive U.S. support, but without the extensive use of ground forces Cambodia invasion Pentagon Papers leaked Paris Accords of January 1973 America removed from the war
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FOREIGN POLICY Détente A deliberate reduction of Cold War tensions negotiating with communists Nixon visits China to ease tensions SALT I Treaty with Soviets limits ABMs (antiballistic missiles) Nixon: first president to visit Moscow
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VIDEO CLIP: FROST NIXON
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WATERGATE Nixon insecure & secretive confided only to a select group of people tape recorded his conversations in the Oval Office June 17, 1972: 5 men caught breaking into Democratic HQ at the Watergate Hotel White House began to cover-up link to President by shredding documents
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WATERGATE Woodward and Bernstein: two reporters from Washington Post that uncovered evidence linking burglary to White House VP Spiro Agnew resigned because a grand jury indicted him for accepting bribes while being governor of Maryland Gerald Ford becomes new VP Saturday Night Massacre Nixon orders Attorney General to fire Archibald Cox (special investigator)
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WATERGATE 1974: Nixon releases edited tapes of conversations in Oval Office. U.S. v. Nixon: Supreme Court orders him to give up the unedited tapes July 27: House of Representatives impeach Nixon August 9 th : Nixon resigns but admitted no guilt American people view image of presidency destroyed
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NIXON FAREWELL
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GERALD R. FORD Ending Watergate Troubled Economy Hostile Congress Cold War Tensions Southeast Asia Assassination Attempts
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GERALD R. FORD - 1933 University of Michigan
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ENDING WATERGATE Ford only Vice-President and President never elected September 8, 1974: Ford issues Proclamation 4311 giving Nixon a full and unconditional pardon Believed pardon was in the best interest of the nation Critics said a “corrupt bargain” had been struck At the same time, he announced a conditional amnesty program for Vietnam War draft dodgers
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THE ECONOMY & HOSTILE CONGRESS WWIN= Whip Inflation Now AAsked Americans to reduce their spending and consumption of gas OOPEC raised the cost of gas HHe tried to cut government spending TTriggered worst economic recession in 40 years BBattled Democratic Congress vvetoed 50+ pieces of legislation
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COLD WAR TENSIONS Continues negotiations with Soviet Union and China 1975: Helsinki Accords 35 nations promised cooperation between Eastern and Western Europe
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SOUTHEAST ASIA April 29, 1975: Fall of Saigon U.S. was able to evacuate about 150,000 Vietnamese who faced persecution Cambodia’s fall to Communism Killed over one million people in a relocation program to rid the country of western influence
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SAIGON & PANMUNJOM
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ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS September 5 th, 1975 (Sacramento) Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme follower of Charles Manson she pulled a Colt 45 handgun and pulled the trigger but Secret Service Agent grabs gun… no round in firing chamber sentenced to life in prison but paroled August 14, 2009 September 22, 1975 (San Francisco) Sara Jane Moore 38 caliber revolver former Marine, Oliver Sipple grabbed gun and deflected shot sentenced to life in prison but paroled December 31, 2007
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JAMES EARL CARTER Election of 1976 Ford vs. Jimmy Carter Carter: former governor of GA Outsider to D.C. politics Carter promised not to tell a lie to American people Democrats won the presidency and majorities in Congress Alienated Congress because he refused to play “insider” deal making both parties worked together to block his policies
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ENERGY CRISIS The U.S. was suffering from the growing inflation rate. By 1979, inflation reached 13% Most important issue Carter believed U.S. relied too much on foreign oil 100 proposals on energy conservation National Energy Act (1978): tax on gas guzzling cars and tax credit for alternative energy
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HUMAN RIGHTS & COLD WAR TENSION Carter appointed Andrew Young, an African American to serve as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Cut off relations with countries who imprisoned and tortured citizens Argentina and Chile put on that list Relations with Soviet Union became sour because Soviet Union invades Afghanistan and Carter refuses to sign SALT II to limit nuclear arms Carter placed an embargo on grain and technological imports to the Soviet Union U.S. boycotts 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow
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BOYCOTTING OLYMPIC GAMES
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PANAMA CANAL U.S. owned Panama Canal since 1914 Theodore Roosevelt’s greatest foreign policy achievement (Big Stick Diplomacy) Panamanians resented U.S. occupation 1977: U.S. agreed to turn over canal on December 31, 1999 Result: Improved relations with U.S. and Latin America
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CAMP DAVID ACCORDS Carter invites Prime Ministers of Egypt and Israel to Camp David Anwar Sadat (Egypt) Menachem Begin (Israel) Signed a Peace Agreement Israel agreed to withdraw from Sinai Peninsula which it got after 6 Day War in 1967 Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist Most of the Arab world opposed the treaty.
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IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS Jan. 1979: Ayatollah Khomeini led rebels to overthrow corrupt Shah of Iran U.S. supported the Shah because he provided oil U.S. let Shah into U.S. for cancer treatment Nov. 4, 1979: Armed students take over U.S. embassy in Tehran and hold 52 Americans for 444 days Demanded U.S. send Shah back to Iran, but Carter refused April 1980: Carter approved a rescue mission, but machine failures caused them to abort the mission. Carter’s unsuccessful attempts to free the hostages became a symbol of failed presidency.
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RISE OF CONSERVATISM Reaction to counterculture and liberalism of 1960s and 1970s Famous Personalities: Barry Goldwater Ronald Reagan Led by conservative leaders, societies views were clearly shifting and opposed: Big government, New Deal Liberalism, gun control, feminism, gay rights, welfare, affirmative action, sexual permissiveness, abortion and drug use. Moral Majority: Led by Jerry Falwell Financed campaigns to unseat liberal members of Congress
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ELECTION OF 1980 Democrats Jimmy Carter Republicans Ronald Reagan Campaign Debate “There you go again.” “There you go again.” “Are you better now than you were four years ago?” “Are you better now than you were four years ago?”
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RONALD REAGAN “Reaganomics” - Supply-Side Economics Tax Cuts Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981) 25% tax decrease over 3 years Up to $2,000 could be invested in IRAs without being taxed. Spending cuts on domestic and social welfare programs Food stamps, student loans, and mass transportation More money was paid into Social Security and the age to receive it was raised to 67 Massive military expenditures
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ELECTION OF 1984 Republicans Ronald Reagan Democrats Walter Mondale Nominated Geraldine Ferraro as VP National Rainbow Coalition Jesse Jackson
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RONALD REAGAN’S FOREIGN POLICY Military Buildup Reagan’s administration spent billions to build new weapons Spending grew from $171 billion to $300 billion Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Plan to build high-tech system of lasers and particle beams to destroy enemy missiles before they could reach U.S. territory
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RONALD REAGAN’S FOREIGN POLICY Nicaragua: Provided aid to “contras”: group of Nicaragua natives who want to overthrow a Marxist movement Democrats pass the Boland Agreement: prohibited further aid to the contras Grenada: Reagan sent in marines to avoid the establishment of Communist military bases
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RONALD REAGAN’S FOREIGN POLICY Iran-Contra Affair: Since 1980, Iran and Iraq had been engaged in war Reagan secretly approved the selling of military supplies to Iran in exchange freeing some American hostages A Regan staff member decided to use the profits to fund the contras of Nicaragua Reagan denied involvement and suffered a temporary drop in popularity
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RONALD REAGAN AND THE COLD WAR Reagan’s arms buildup led to Soviet deployment of more missiles against NATO 1985: Mikhail Gorbachev became new Soviet leader Wanted to change the soviet policies to lead to greater political freedom Gorbachev and Reagan signed the INF Remove and destroy all intermediate range missiles Gorbachev also pressured Iraq and Iran to end their war The Cold War seemed to be coming to an end
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ELECTION OF 1988 Democrats Michael Dukakis Republicans George H.W. Bush Campaign “Read my lips. No new taxes.” “Read my lips. No new taxes.”
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BUSH’S FOREIGN POLICY: COMMUNISM China : Students tried to protest in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, but the Communist government crushed the protests. Without Soviet support, communist governments fell from Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania Protestors tore down the Berlin Wall in East Germany and in October 1990, the two Germanys were reunited Many Soviet republics declared independence and others were dissolved: no more Soviet Union
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BUSH’S FOREIGN POLICY: COLD WAR Start I and II Agreements: Start I (1991): reduced the number of nuclear warheads to under 10,000 for each side Start II (1992): Reduced the number of nuclear weapons to just over 3,000 each The end of the Cold War led to many Americans to question the defense- spending budget as well as the amount of U.S. military bases.
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GEORGE H.W. BUSH (R) (1989-1993) American with Disabilities Act (1990) Recession (1990-1991) Led to $133 billion in new taxes Persian Gulf War (1991) Iraq’s Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990 – threating oil resources. U.N. forces joined together in Operation Desert Storm Five weeks of air strikes and 100 hours of ground fighting – Iraq conceded defeat. Highest popularity due to swift victory
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ELECTION OF 1992 Democrats Bill Clinton Republicans George H.W. Bush Reform Party H. Ross Perot
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BILL CLINTON (D) (1993-2001) North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994) Free trade zone with Canada and Mexico Deficit-reduction budget $255 billion in spending cuts $241 billion in tax increases Republican Revolution (1994) Contract with America Newt Gingrich Balanced Budget
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BILL CLINTON (D) (1993-2001) Impeachment Accusations that Clinton lied about his relations with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky December 1998: the House voted to impeach Clinton on two counts – perjury and obstruction of justice Popular opinion did not support the Republican impeachment. February 1999: the Senate did not receive a majority vote to uphold either charge against Clinton. Clinton’s reputation was damaged: first president impeached since 1868.
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