1. Cellular Respiration Topic 8.2 pt 1

2. Respiration consists of several different interlinked metabolic pathways. chemiosmosis

3. Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of compounds. OXIDATIONREDUCTION Electrons are…lost gained Oxygen is… gainedlost Hydrogen is… lostgained

4. Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of compounds.. Who are the electron carries in cell respiration? NAD + + 2H + + 2e - NADH + H + reduction oxidation NAD + NADH + H + reduction oxidation The most common hydrogen carrier is NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) Use the simplified form of the equation omitting the detail of the H + ions and electrons:

5. Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of compounds. Describe what an electron carrier is. a. Substances that can accept and give up electrons.

6. Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable. Define phosphorylation. a. Phosphorylation is a reaction where a phosphate group (PO 4 3- ) is added to an organic molecule. Outline how phosphorylation aids cell respiration.

7. Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable. Phosphorylation is a reaction where a phosphate group (PO 4 3- ) is added to an organic molecule http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glycolysis2.svg The phosphorylated molecule is less stable and therefore reacts more easily in the metabolic pathway. The phosphate group is usually transferred from ATP Reactions that would otherwise proceed slowly and require energy into a reaction that happens quickly releasing energy.

8. Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable. Contrast exergonic and endergonic reactions. Give examples of each from glycolysis. a. Endergonic reactions absorb energy and exergonic release energy. b. Endergonic- conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate c. Exergonic- hydrolysis of ATP

9. Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen. List the steps of glycolysis. 1. Glucose uses ATP to make Glucose-6- Phosphate which is then converted to fructose-6- phosphate. 2. ATP is used to convert this to fructose-1,6- bisphosphate. 3. Fructose bisphosphate is split to make triose phosphates which is then oxidized too a 3 carbon compound glycerate phosphate. 4. In the end, 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate are formed.

10. 8.2.U3 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. 8.2.U4 Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen. Glycolysis is the splitting of glucose into pyruvate by substrate-level phosphorylation.

11. In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized. How many molecules of pyruvate are formed from each molecule of glucose? a. 2 Define decarboxylation. a. The removal of carbon and oxygen from carbon dioxide.

12. In the link reaction pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A Where in the cell is the pyruvate formed? a. Cytoplasm Describe what happens to the pyruvate in the mitochondria. a. 1. It is decarboxylated and oxidized to form an acetyl group. 2. Two electrons are removedwhich react with NAD+ to form NAD. Why is this called the link reaction? a. The products link glycolysis with the Krebs Cycle.