1. November 17, 2014 = the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen In symbols: 6 O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ENERGY In words: Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon dioxide + Water + ENERGY

2. 3 steps in Cellular Respiration: 1) Glycolysis 2) Krebs Cycle 3) Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

3. Glycolysis = “sugar breaking” 1st step Occurs in cytoplasm Both in Aerobic and Anaerobic cellular respiration 1 molecule of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )  2 pyruvic acids(3 C. each)

4. Summary 1 glucose  2 pyruvic acids 2 ATP in, 4 made So, net gain of 2 ATP 2 NADH made Electron carriers, used in Electron Transport Chain Cells can make thousands of ATP in milliseconds

5. 1) What do the six dark balls represent at top? 2) What does it mean to invest a molecule of ATP? 3) What are the products of Glycolysis and where do they go?

6. Glycolysis: Reactants and Products IN= Reactants OUT= Products

7. The Advantages of Glycolysis Glycolysis produces ATP very fast, which is an advantage when the energy demands of the cell suddenly increase. Glycolysis does not require oxygen, so it can quickly supply energy to cells when oxygen is unavailable.

8. Krebs Cycle Named after Hans Krebs, British scientist who demonstrated its existence in 1937 2 nd step Occurs in matrix of mitochondria Matrix = the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

9. Krebs Cycle Pyruvic acid from glycolysis broken into CO2 and ATP in a series of energy extracting reactions Happens twice for every glucose that enters glycolysis Happens once per pyruvic acid molecule Electron carriers produced: NADH and FADH2 ATP Produced *You do NOT need to know this picture*

10. Energy in Krebs cycle Energy is released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds of pyruvic acids Energy captured in the forms of: ATP (used by cell) NADH FADH 2 Electron carriers

11. Krebs Cycle:Reactants and Products IN= Reactants OUT= Products For every 1 pyruvic acid in: Electron carriers to produce more energy in ETC ------------------------------------- For every 2 pyruvic acid, Krebs Cycle happens twice: So far 1 Glucose = 6 ATP made, 2 used

12. Electron Carrier Molecules Produced in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle Used in Electron Transport Chain 2 carriers: NADH and FADH2 -------------------------------------------------------------------- NADH -NAD+ carries Hydrogen and an Electron FADH2 FAD carries 2 Hydrogen and 2 electrons ***Hydrogen and Electrons come from broken down glucose*** JUST, FYI

13. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 3 rd step Inner membrane of mitochondria A.) Active Transport Proteins B.) ATP Synthase

14. Electron Transport NADH and FADH 2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain.

15. Electron Transport At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with H + ions and oxygen to form water. Oxygen accepts all these electrons.

16. Electron Transport Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the inter membrane space. JUST, FYI

17. ATP Production H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. Each rotation, ADP  ATP, by adding a phosphate group. High H+ Low H+

18. Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis How does the electron transport chain use high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle (with the help of oxygen) to convert ADP into ATP.

19. The Totals How much energy does cellular respiration generate? Together, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain release about 36 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.

20. Energy Totals In the presence of oxygen, cell. resp results in 36 ATP molecules. Represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose. Remaining 64 percent is released _____________. Why you are 37 degrees C day and night

21. Pictures and graphs to know

23. Cellular respiration: In symbols: In words: