1. Chapter 1 Uncovering the Past By Mr. Zindman 1

2. Chapter 1: Uncovering the Past The Big Idea: How do historians and geographers study the past in order to learn more about the present? People of the ancient world did remarkable things. Among their great feats was building huge temples, inventing writing, and discovering the planets. Every step that we take in our world is based on the ideas from long ago. We are who we are because of the past! 2 Section 1: Studying History Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text. Essential Question: Why do scholars study the people, events, and ideas of long ago?

3. Main Ideas  History is the _________________________________. 3 Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.  We can improve our understanding of peoples actions and beliefs____________________________________.  Historians use clues from various sources ______________________________________________.

4. What is History? History is the study of the past, people ____________________________________. To understand history, historians study clues and evidence. Historians will study how the earliest people gathered or hunted for food. They would study how they made stone tools, grow food, and raise animals. Historians are people that try to learn what life is like for individuals long ago in places around the world. 4 Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

5. Historians would want to know the problems that early people faced. How did they solve these problems? What were these solutions? Historians would be interested in how early people led their lives? Where did they work? How did they fight? How did they trade? How did they farm? What did they do in their free time ? In other words, historians study the past to understand people’s culture. Culture is _______________________________________________________. 5 Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

6. What is Archaeology? Archeology is ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 6 Archaeologists, or people who practice archeology, explore places where people once lived, worked, or fought. The things people left in these places may include jewelry, dishes, or weapons. They range from stone tools to huge buildings. Archeologists examine the objects they find to learn what they can tell about the past. In many cases, the objects left behind are the only clues we have to know how they lived. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

7. 7 Understanding through History-Knowing Yourself Here is another reason why people study history. Understanding the past helps us to understand the world today. History ________________________________________decisions in the future. History teaches us about the experiences we have been through as a people. History ___________________and teaches us the values that we share. Values are ideas _______________________________________ ______________________________________. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

8. 8 Understanding through History-Knowing Others History can teach you about yourself. Without your own personal history you would have an identity. History teaches us about the experiences we have been through as a people. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

9. 9 Knowing Others History teaches us about other cultures that are unlike your own. You learn about other peoples, where they lived, and what is important to them. History teaches us how cultures are the same and different. It helps us understand why people think the way they do and about the struggles they have faced. You also learn how these struggles have affected the way people view themselves and others. In other words, Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text. different __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________.

10. 10 Learning about the stories of others helps teach promote tolerance. Tolerance is ______________________________________________________. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

11. 11 Knowing your World History can provide you with a better understanding of where you live. History lets you know you are part of a culture that interacts with the rest of the world. History encourages you to ask important questions or essential questions. It ________________________________________ the saying, if we do not learn the past, history will repeat itself ? Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

12. 12 Using Clues We must rely on a number of sources to learn history. To learn about the first humans we study fossil remains. A fossil is ________________________________________ ________________________________________. Bones and footprints would be examples of fossils. All humans learned to make things, in doing so they accidentally created more sources of information for us. Artifacts are ________________________________________ Artifacts include coins, arrowheads, tools, toys, and pottery. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

13. 13 Sources of Information Historical sources are two types. A primary source _______________________ __________________________________________ ________________ in or witnessed the event. Treaties, letters, diaries, laws, court documents, and royal commands are primary sources. A secondary source ________________________________________ ___________________________take part in or witness the event. Examples include history textbooks, journal articles, and encyclopedias. The textbook we use in class is a secondary source. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

14. 14 Section 2: Studying Geography Historians need to be able to explain the question, “Where did it happen?” In order to do this they must understand geography. Geography _______________________ _________________________________and cultural features. These features include mountains, rivers, people, cities, and countries. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text. Essential Question: Why do scholars study the people, events, and ideas of long ago? The Big Idea: Physical geography and human geography contribute to the study of history.

15. Main Ideas  History is the study of _________________________. 15 Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.  Studying location is important to both _____________ ______________________________________________.  Geography and _____________ are _______________.  Geography is the study of the _______________and the ___________________. Historians call this physical geography.

16. 16 Physical Geography (Physical) geography _________________ ___________________________________. People that work in this field are called geographers. Geographers study ______________, the natural features on a __________ surface. Mountains, valleys, plains, and other such places are landforms. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

17. 17 Physical geographers also study __________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ in a certain area over a long period of time. Climate is not the same as weather. Weather is the conditions at a specific time and place. Climate affects the features of a region. For example, it affects plant life. Plants can not grow on a desert region. Climate also affects landforms, constant wind can wear down a mountain. Landforms and climate are part of a places environment. The environment includes _____________________________________ that affect life in an area. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

18. 18 Human Geography Human geography is the ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. Human geography asks questions such as: What kind of work do people do? How do they get their food? What are their homes like? Human geography also deals with how the environment affects people. For example, how do people who live near rivers protect themselves from floods? How do people who live in deserts survive? What diseases spread easily in some environments? Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

19. 19 Studying Location Location ____________________________ __________________________ something is. Geographers try to understand how differences in places can lead to differences in how people live. These differences may be evidenced in the homes that people build or in the tools that they use. To study various locations geographers study maps. Some maps show physical features or landscapes. Other maps might display physical boundaries or borders. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

20. 20 Learning About Regions To study geography, a geographer must study regions. A region is an area with one or more features ___________________________________________ _________________________________________. These regions might be physical, such as forests and grasslands. There might also be differences in climate. For example, a desert. Physical barriers, such as mountains and rivers form a region’s boundaries. Human features can also define regions. One area may contain farms and another region might be desert. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

21. 21 Geography and History- Geography Affects Resources By studying geography we can piece together a great deal of information about ancient cultures. In early civilizations people could only live where they could enough food and water. Early people settled in places rich in resources. Resources are materials found in the earth ___________________________________________ __________________________________________. All through history, people have used a variety of resources to meet their basic needs. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

22. 22 In early times, essential resources included ________________________ ____________________________________________________________. Over time, people learned to use other resources, including metals such as copper, gold, and iron. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

23. 23 Geography Shapes Cultures Geography _________________________________________. For example, early people developed vastly different cultures because of their environment. People that lived near rivers learned to fish and make boats. People that lived near forests learned to make their home out of wood. Some people even developed religious beliefs based on the place they lived in. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed the god Hapi controlled the Nile River. Some graphic features could protect areas from an invasion. A region surrounded by mountains or deserts, for example, was hard for attackers to reach. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

24. 24 People in areas with many natural resources could use their resources to get rich. They could build glorious cities and powerful armies. Geography Influences History Features ______________________________. Many societies became rich by trading with other peoples. On the other hand, geography could also cause problems. Floods, for example, ____________________________. Lack of rainfall has brought ___________________________. Bad storms have wrecked ships, and with them, the hopes of conquerors. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

25. 25 The relationship between geography is not been one-sided. For centuries people have influenced their environments in positive and negative ways. _____________________________. They have also created lakes in deserts. But people have also created wastelands where forests once grew. Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

26. 26 Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.