1. Waves

2. Water Power Kinetic energy is the form of energy that an object has when it is moving. Kinetic energy is the form of energy that an object has when it is moving. Energy can change from one form to another. Moving water is kinetic energy. If the waters movement is stopped, all its energy becomes potential energy. Energy can change from one form to another. Moving water is kinetic energy. If the waters movement is stopped, all its energy becomes potential energy. Potential energy is energy that is stored and waiting to be used. Potential energy is energy that is stored and waiting to be used.

3. Energy from moving water Electricity produced by the kinetic energy of water moving over a waterfall or through a dam is called hydroelectric power. Electricity produced by the kinetic energy of water moving over a waterfall or through a dam is called hydroelectric power. To generate hydroelectric power, engineers build a dam across a river. Water backs up behind the dam, floods the valley, and creates a reservoir. The water stored behind the dam has potential energy, which is changed to kinetic energy when the water is released. To generate hydroelectric power, engineers build a dam across a river. Water backs up behind the dam, floods the valley, and creates a reservoir. The water stored behind the dam has potential energy, which is changed to kinetic energy when the water is released. Hydroelectric power plants capture the kinetic energy of moving water and change it into electrical energy. Hydroelectric power plants capture the kinetic energy of moving water and change it into electrical energy.

4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Power Advantages: Hydroelectric power is clean, safe, and efficient. Building a dam is expensive, but the water is free and is naturally renewed by the water cycle. Hydroelectric plants do not contribute to air pollution. Advantages: Hydroelectric power is clean, safe, and efficient. Building a dam is expensive, but the water is free and is naturally renewed by the water cycle. Hydroelectric plants do not contribute to air pollution. Disadvantages: Only certain locations are suitable for building a dam. A fast moving river is needed. Disadvantages: Only certain locations are suitable for building a dam. A fast moving river is needed. Dam affects all living things around them. What was once a fast moving river becomes the still, deep waters of the reservoir. Dam affects all living things around them. What was once a fast moving river becomes the still, deep waters of the reservoir. Some organisms cannot survive the change. Flooding the land behind a dam can destroy wildlife habitats as well as farms and towns. In addition, the dam forms a barrier across the river. It may prevent fish from traveling to the parts of the river where they usually lay their eggs and hatch their young. Some organisms cannot survive the change. Flooding the land behind a dam can destroy wildlife habitats as well as farms and towns. In addition, the dam forms a barrier across the river. It may prevent fish from traveling to the parts of the river where they usually lay their eggs and hatch their young.

5. What is a wave? A wave is the movement of energy through a body of water. A wave is the movement of energy through a body of water. Most waves form when winds blowing across the water’s surface transmit their energy to the water. Most waves form when winds blowing across the water’s surface transmit their energy to the water. Waves start in the open ocean. Waves start in the open ocean. The energy of the waves moves toward shore, but the water itself remains in place. The energy of the waves moves toward shore, but the water itself remains in place.

6. Wave Characteristics The name for the highest part of a wave is the crest. The name for the highest part of a wave is the crest. The horizontal distance between crests is the wavelengths. The horizontal distance between crests is the wavelengths. Waves are measured by frequency, the number of waves that pass a point in a certain amount of time. Waves are measured by frequency, the number of waves that pass a point in a certain amount of time. The lowest part of the wave is the trough. The lowest part of the wave is the trough. The vertical distance between from the crest to the trough is the wave height. The vertical distance between from the crest to the trough is the wave height.

7. Tides The daily rise and fall of Earth’s waters on its coastlines are called tides. The daily rise and fall of Earth’s waters on its coastlines are called tides. The tides are caused by the interaction of Earth, the moon,and the sun. The tides are caused by the interaction of Earth, the moon,and the sun. As Earth turns completely around once each day, people on or near the shore observe the rise of tides. As Earth turns completely around once each day, people on or near the shore observe the rise of tides. Change in the positions of Earth, the moon, and the sun affect the heights of tides during a month. Change in the positions of Earth, the moon, and the sun affect the heights of tides during a month.

8. Ocean Water chemistry Just how salty is the ocean? Just how salty is the ocean? The total amount of dissolved salts in a sample of water is the salinity of that sample. The total amount of dissolved salts in a sample of water is the salinity of that sample. Sodium chloride is the salt present in the greatest amount in ocean water. When sodium and chloride dissolve in water it separates into sodium and chloride ions. Ocean water is made of other ions such as Magnesium, calcium, potassium and sulfate. Sodium chloride is the salt present in the greatest amount in ocean water. When sodium and chloride dissolve in water it separates into sodium and chloride ions. Ocean water is made of other ions such as Magnesium, calcium, potassium and sulfate. In most parts of the world salinity varies. In most parts of the world salinity varies. Near the ocean’s surface, rain, snow and melting ice add freshwater and lowers salinity. Near the ocean’s surface, rain, snow and melting ice add freshwater and lowers salinity. Salinity affects several properties of ocean water, For example ocean water does not freeze until the temperature drops to about Salinity affects several properties of ocean water, For example ocean water does not freeze until the temperature drops to about -1.9 degrees celsius. Salt interferes in the formation of ice crystals. -1.9 degrees celsius. Salt interferes in the formation of ice crystals. Two gases that ocean organisms use CO2 and oxygen Two gases that ocean organisms use CO2 and oxygen Co2 is more plentiful in the ocean.Oxygen is most plentiful in seawater near the surface. Co2 is more plentiful in the ocean.Oxygen is most plentiful in seawater near the surface.

9. Ocean Effect A current is a large stream of moving water that flows through the oceans. Unlike waves, currents move water at the surface of the ocean, while other currents move water deep in the ocean. A current is a large stream of moving water that flows through the oceans. Unlike waves, currents move water at the surface of the ocean, while other currents move water deep in the ocean. Surface currents, which affect water to a depth of several hundred meters, are driven mainly by winds. Following Earth’s major wind patterns, surface currents move in circular patterns in 5 major oceans. Most of the currents flow east or west,and then double back to complete the circle. Surface currents, which affect water to a depth of several hundred meters, are driven mainly by winds. Following Earth’s major wind patterns, surface currents move in circular patterns in 5 major oceans. Most of the currents flow east or west,and then double back to complete the circle.

10. Surface Climate A surface current warms or cools the air above it influencing the climate of the land near the coast. A surface current warms or cools the air above it influencing the climate of the land near the coast. Climate is the pattern of temperature and precipitation typical of an area over a long period of time. Climate is the pattern of temperature and precipitation typical of an area over a long period of time.

11. El Nino When changes in the wind patterns and currents occur, they can have a major impact on the oceans and neighboring land. When changes in the wind patterns and currents occur, they can have a major impact on the oceans and neighboring land. El Nino, an abnormal climate event that occurs every two to seven years in the Pacific Ocean. El Nino begins when an unusual pattern of winds forms over the Western Pacific. This causes a vast sheet of warm water to move eastward toward the South American coast. El nino conditions can last for one to two years before the usual winds and currents return. El Nino, an abnormal climate event that occurs every two to seven years in the Pacific Ocean. El Nino begins when an unusual pattern of winds forms over the Western Pacific. This causes a vast sheet of warm water to move eastward toward the South American coast. El nino conditions can last for one to two years before the usual winds and currents return. El Nino can cause severe weather all around the world. El Nino can cause severe weather all around the world.

12. Features of the Ocean Floor If you could travel along the ocean floor, you would see the continental shelf, the continental slope, the abyssal plain and the mid-ocean ridge. If you could travel along the ocean floor, you would see the continental shelf, the continental slope, the abyssal plain and the mid-ocean ridge. Moving plates beneath the Ocean. Moving plates beneath the Ocean. The ocean is divided by zones. Intertidal zone, neritic zone and the open-ocean zone. The ocean is divided by zones. Intertidal zone, neritic zone and the open-ocean zone. Each zone has its characteristic physical conditions. These conditions help determine which organisms can live in that zone. Coral reefs live in the neritic zone. Each zone has its characteristic physical conditions. These conditions help determine which organisms can live in that zone. Coral reefs live in the neritic zone. Scientist classify marine organisms according to where they live and how they move. The 3 categories are Plankton, Nekton and Benthos Scientist classify marine organisms according to where they live and how they move. The 3 categories are Plankton, Nekton and Benthos

13. Resources from the ocean People depend heavily on fish and other ocean organisms for food. Ocean organisms also provide materials that are used in products such as detergents and paints. Example, algae is an ingredient in many household products. It’s gelatin-like texture makes it ideal base for detergent, shampoos,cosmetics, and even ice cream. People depend heavily on fish and other ocean organisms for food. Ocean organisms also provide materials that are used in products such as detergents and paints. Example, algae is an ingredient in many household products. It’s gelatin-like texture makes it ideal base for detergent, shampoos,cosmetics, and even ice cream.

14. Life in the Ocean Plankton-are tiny algae and animals that float in water and are carried by waves and currents. Plankton-are tiny algae and animals that float in water and are carried by waves and currents. Nekton are free swimming animals that can move throughout the water. Example whales and seals. Nekton are free swimming animals that can move throughout the water. Example whales and seals. Benthos are organisms that inhabit the ocean floor. Example- crabs, sea stars, lobster. Benthos are organisms that inhabit the ocean floor. Example- crabs, sea stars, lobster.

15. Resources From the ocean In addition to living organisms, the ocean contains valuable nonliving ocean resources include water, fuels and minerals. In addition to living organisms, the ocean contains valuable nonliving ocean resources include water, fuels and minerals. Water-Freshwater can be extracted from ocean water using desalination. Water-Freshwater can be extracted from ocean water using desalination. Fuel- Over hundreds and thousands of years, the heat and pressure from overlying layers gradually transform the organisms remains into oil and natural gas. Fuel- Over hundreds and thousands of years, the heat and pressure from overlying layers gradually transform the organisms remains into oil and natural gas.