1. Organisational Issues Helen Jones Human Factors Consultant DNV

2. Approaches to Safety Management Person Model Occupational safety - unsafe acts, injuries, fatalities People as free agents Errors shaped by psychological factors Close encounters with hazards Long history, widely adopted Policed by safety departments Fear, reward, punishment, auditing, procedures, training

3. Approaches to Safety Management Engineering Model Origins in reliability engineering, ergonomics, risk management, Human Reliability Assessment Safety should be engineered in and quantified Human errors due to human-machine mismatches Focus on high-hazard industries Safety in the hands of few controllers/operators

4. Approaches to Safety Management Organisational Model Newest model Human error as a consequence or symptom Underlying latent conditions Human error affects integrity of defences Need for proactive measures of ‘safety health’ Need for continual reform Safety and quality intimately linked - vital to system’s resistance to hazards

5. Edit in Veiw > Header and footer Slide 5 Organisational Issues Introduction Shift patterns Staffing levels Training and competence assurance Behaviour and safety climate Impact on project success Impact on human error reduction measures

6. Edit in Veiw > Header and footer Slide 6 Introduction Individual competency, skills, personality, attitudes, risk perception… Organisation culture, leadership, resources, work patterns, communications… Job task, workload, environment, display and controls, procedures

7. Performance Shaping Factors Tools & Equipment Task Characteristics Organisational Factors Instructions & Procedures Environment Individual Factors Typical Stressors

8. Performance Shaping Factors - Stressors Individual Factors Training Experience Skills Knowledge Physical Capability Cognitive Ability Attitude Motivation

9. Individual - Typical Stressors Typical Stressors Monotony & Fatigue Distractions Workload Time Pressure Unsuitable Environment Isolation Conflicting Objectives

10. Performance Shaping Factors - Task Task Characteristics Frequency Physical Workload Duration Ease of Access Working Position Cognitive Workload Difficulty Repetitiveness Interaction with Other Tasks Task Scheduling Memory Attention Vigilance

11. Work Environment LightingNoiseHeatColdHumidity Vibration Confined Spaces Working at Height ChemicalsSmoking?

12. Organisational Issues Organisational Factors Teamwork Group Practices Number of Staff Actions of others Availability of Support Work Hours Breaks Resource Availability Rewards & Benefits Communications Feedback on Performance

13. Edit in Veiw > Header and footer Slide 13 HF and Shift Patterns Fatigue Poor diet Forward rotating vs Backward rotating shifts Shift length HSE’s Revised Fatigue Index

14. Revised Fatigue Index (HSE) Five factors taken into consideration Factor 1: Time of day the shift starts Factor 2: Length of shift (duration) Factor 3: Rest periods (days off) Factor 4: Breaks Factor 5: Cumulative fatigue score

15. Revised Fatigue Index

16. Staffing Levels HSE staffing arrangements method Does not tell you how many, simply is there enough? Applied to emergency response scenario Demonstration of whether sufficient resources available

17. Edit in Veiw > Header and footer Slide 17 Concurrent Task Analysis High-level analysis of concurrent routine tasks

18. Edit in Veiw > Header and footer Slide 18 Training & Competence Assurance Training Needs Analysis Training programmes Training methods Training the trainer Evaluating training programmes Refresher training

19. Training Cycle

20. Training Hierarchy

21. Edit in Veiw > Header and footer Slide 21 Behaviour & Safety Climate HSE Safety Climate Assessment Tool Questionnaire distributed to all locations on and offshore Initial information backed up by interviews Develop set of action plans through the use of workshops Actions backed up by senior management

22. Simplified Process Model for Behavioural Intervention Adapted from UKOOA

23. The Behavioural Intervention Model

24. Edit in Veiw > Header and footer Slide 24 Impact on Projects Which of the organisational factors discussed would have the greatest impact on success / failure? How could you address these issues? Are there any issues that you cannot prevent? If so how are you going to manage them throughout the duration of the project?

25. Edit in Veiw > Header and footer Slide 25 Impact on Error Reduction Measures How are you going to communicate your new measures to everyone involved? Can you get them to buy into the process? Will this mean extra work for them? How will you ensure that everyone is trained and competent? How can you be sure the intervention is working? How can you feedback the improvements to all involved?

26. Edit in Veiw > Header and footer Slide 26 Any questions?