1. History 171D The United States and the World Since 1945

2. While the Cold War was Ending...

3. Late 1980s and early 1990s— several longstanding conflicts come to an end: Soviet Afghan War, Iran-Iraq War, civil wars in Central America

4. Meanwhile, Augusto Pinochet was eased out of power in Chile (1989); South Africa’s apartheid regime began process of relinquishing power (1990-1994) Release of Nelson Mandela, 1990

5. Two prominent exceptions to rule of conflict resolution: US Invasion of Panama (1989) and first Gulf War (1991

6. Strategic importance of Panama Canal Invasion of Panama

7. Manuel Noriega Invasion of Panama

8. Early to mid-1980s—Reagan administration supported Noriega and overlooked his involvement in drug trafficking Vice President George H.W. Bush meeting with Manuel Noriega in Panama City, 1983

9. Washington was grateful for Noriega’s cooperation in struggle against Sandinistas in Nicaragua Vice President George H.W. Bush meeting with Manuel Noriega in Panama City, 1983

10. 1986-1987—Noriega’s drug-trafficking became too obvious to ignore; Reagan administration tried, unsuccessfully, to convince Noriega to step down

11. 1988—Noriega indicted in federal court in Miami

12. 1989—Noriega agreed to hold elections; Bush administration funneled covert support to Noriega’s opponent, Guillermo Endara

13. 1989—When it became clear opposition would win, Noriega nullified elections Noriega goon attacking Endara’s running mate, Guillermo “Billy” Ford

14. October 1989—Responding to Bush’s call, elements of Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) attempted to overthrow Noriega but were thwarted by Noriega loyalists

15. December 1989— Bush, citing Noriega’s involvement in drug trafficking, threat to safety of US citizens in Panama, and threat to Panama Canal, launched invasion of Panama

16. Noriega took refuge in Papal Nunciature

21. ... but eventually surrendered to US troops, who placed him under arrest and took him to Florida to face trial

22. Guillermo Endara replaced Noriega as Panama’s president

23. First Gulf War During Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Reagan administration tilted toward Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Saddam Hussein

24. First Gulf War During Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Reagan administration tilted toward Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Special US envoy Donald Rumsfeld meeting Saddam Hussein, 1983

25. After Iran-Iraq War ended in 1988, tensions arose between Iraq and Kuwait

26. July 1990—Saddam Hussein demanded islands of Bubiyan and Warba, threatened to invade Kuwait

27. August 1990—Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, subjecting it to brutal occupation

28. President George H. W. Bush reacted cautiously at first

29. Margaret Thatcher and George H. W. Bush... but quickly decided that invasion must not stand

30. Summer 1990—Bush got UN Security Council to pass resolution demanding Iraqi withdrawal

31. ... even receiving Soviet cooperation

32. Summer-Fall 1990—Bush lined up diverse coalition of countries prepared to enforce resolution

33. Massive multinational force materialized in Saudi Arabia—“Operation Desert Shield”

34. Colin Powell Norman Schwarzkopf

35. November 1990—UN Security Council passed resolution authorizing use of force against Iraq if it didn’t withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991

36. Antiwar demonstrations

38. January 1991—Bush agreed Congress could vote on war issue (while making clear he wouldn’t be bound by its vote)

39. January 1991—Secretary of State James Baker met with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz in Geneva but failed to reach agreement James Baker Tariq Aziz

40. January 1991— Congress debated issue

41. January 1991— Congress authorized use of force against Iraq

42. January 17, 1991—After UN deadline passed, Bush launched air war against Iraq (“Desert Storm”)

43. Damage to Iraqi Infrastructure

44. Iraq launched “Scud” missiles against Israel and Saudi Arabia; “Patriot” missiles appeared to shoot down Scuds “Scud” missile “Patriot” missile

45. Actually, Scuds broke up on their own “Scud” missile “Patriot” missile

46. “Stormin’ Norman” Schwarzkopf

47. February 1991—Coalition launched ground war against Iraqi forces

48. Iraqi forces quickly capitulated

49. Casualties of war

51. In wake of victory, Bush’s approval rating shot up to 89 percent

52. March 1991—Two separate Iraqi rebellions, by Shia in south and Kurds in north, broke out

53. Saddam crushed both rebellions, creating huge refugee crisis

54. US military declared “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq, creating safe havens for Kurds and Shia, respectively

55. Saddam Hussein remained in power in Baghdad

56. Meaning of Panama invasion and first Gulf War

57. “We Are the World,” 1985 USA for Africa

58. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991

59. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 There comes a time when the Iron Curtain falls And the whole wide world is quite overjoyed

60. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 When we’ve got no enemies

61. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 When we’ve got no enemies Afghans

62. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 When we’ve got no enemies Afghans or Vietnamese

63. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 Some guy appears to fill the void

64. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 We can’t deny we let small countries buy Lots of nasty things that we can’t discuss

65. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 We help madmen like Saddam Build missiles and the Bomb Until they aim them back at us

66. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 We help madmen like Saddam Build missiles and the Bomb Until they aim them back at us

67. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 We arm the world, we and the Kremlin We arm a few who in a future day will leave us tremblin’

68. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 If the peace you’re breaking, nobody’s blood will boil But mess with cheap imported oil, we’re after you

69. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 A hundred tinpot despots are deploying Weapons made by Lockheed and by Boeing

70. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 Wanna buy a missile, bud? Check out that Russian Scud We guarantee it’s not a dud

71. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 We arm the world, we and the Kremlin We arm a few who in a future day will leave us tremblin’

72. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 If the peace you’re breaking, nobody’s blood will boil But mess with cheap imported oil, we’re after you

73. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 We arm the world, we and the Kremlin We arm a few who in a future day will leave us tremblin’

74. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 We arm the world, we and the Kremlin We arm a few who in a future day will leave us tremblin’

75. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 If the peace you’re breaking, nobody’s blood will boil But mess with cheap imported oil, we’re after you

76. The Capitol Steps “We Arm the World,” 1991 If the peace you’re breaking, nobody’s blood will boil But mess with cheap imported oil, we’re after you