1. Dan Minchin Marine Organism Investigations, Ireland Coastal Research and Planning Institute, University of Klaipeda, Lithuania. September/November 2013

2. Development of fisheries Use of basic resources The development of nets and weirs Specialised fisheries Development of powered vessels Electronic devices Plastics Two seminars

4. Probably the earliest form of fishing

5. In wide use where low technology Very often seasonal Often designed for specific fisheries

6. Coastal indians of North America A shuttlecock pushed into deep water and released and this then spirals floating upwards The fish is speared on sight

8. Nootka whaling, using whalebone, mussel shell spearheads

9. Early hooks involved bone. Used for salmonids or halibut

11. Design much the same for centuries Barbless hooks Treble hooks Swivel hooks [eels]

12. The Grand Banks fishery Fished in the 15 th Century by Basques Became generally known since 1497 Fished from small craft from a mothership

13. Two methods: 1. Push top of hook near eye Pull the curve of the hook away 2. Cut off line Push the point of the hook through the skin Cut shank with tinsnips and remove

14. Ancient usage Used still today in Asia Modules and fencing Lobster pots

15. On calm days using an underwater viewer Design changed little over centuries Used in freshwater pearl fishery Traditional scallop fisheries Pearl mussel fishery, AsiaScallops

16. Requires surface observation In clear calm water Nature of design depends on habitat and behaviour of the target For benthic species Examples: fan shell, scallop

17. Traditional indian fishery in British Columbia

18. Shallows net Effective for collecting small fish

19. 1. Hold line end about (right) wrist 2. Gather rope in even loops & hold one loop in left hand 3. Hold lead-line between knee and feet 4. Gather ~1/3 of net in left hand 5. Put the net in your left hand to your right hand and hold leadline on outside 6. Throw smoothly from your right hand letting go once hand is extended and left hand should be at 45 degree angle 7. Let go of the net in the right hand just before left causing the net to fan out

20. Used worldwide Small nets often baited

21. Used in tidal estuaries and in freshwater rivers May be made-up of wooden stakes and wattle or nets An early primitive fishery for mainly migrating species in freshwater In tidal estuaries Examples: eel, salmon, bass

22. Seasonal fishery Product is used for food and for supplying eel farms

23. More efficient spears and hooks and needles for making fabrics and nets

24. At one time a frequent method Few exist to-day Usually seasonal Examples: whaling, swordfish

25. Many early civilizations to recent times Harpooning, line and barrels

26. Extensively used worldwide Accurate and efficient

27. Seasonal depending on plant availability Used in freshwater streams A poaching method Examples: salmon

28. Used over millenia Shallow water fishery Example: octopus, no bait required Fished worldwide

29. Fish attracted to shade Method for >3500 years

30. Fish attracted to light In marine & freshwater environments Used for netting and on longlines Light lures

31. Pacific herring, the world’s shortest seasonal fishery, 15 minutes Sturgeon eggs very costly

32. Pacific herring, the world’s shortest seasonal fishery, 15 minutes Sturgeon eggs very costly Caution: some eggs poisonous

33. Artemia cysts float and get carried ashore These are collected by nets and dried

34. Used to collect: Oysters Clams Algae

35. Shallow water to ~30m Warmer seas Recent SCUBA enables longer fishing time and exploitation in colder water Examples: red coral, sponge, sea-urchin, sea- cucumber, scallop [turtle?]

36. Involves divers Worldwide in warm waters May yet involve biotechnological products from all seas

37. Dredged using “cross of St Andrew” free-diving by a Sardinian Heavy exploitation

38. Developed during WWII Mainly over reef areas Kills many unusable fish Lucrative fishing Damages habitat Often injuries

39. Highly variable According to local resources

40. Lakes Buhi, Bato, Luzon Philippines, 18km2 to 18m Misticthys luzonensis, ~12mm Gobiidae (sinarapan)

41. Fish reared in a hatchery Fish released Anglers pay to fish Often in reservoirs, quarries, ponds Trout Bluegill Hybrid bass Walleye Perch Muskellunge Catfish

42. In the coarse fishery all fish are returned. Competitions for the greatest weight of fish In the game fishery fish below a certain size are returned.

43. Fish from the land Fish in the surf Fish at sea For surface and bottom fishing

44. Seasonal Normally licenced Hole 15-20cmsD Ice fishing contest big On well frozen ice: 15cm – to walk on 17.5cm – drive with car 25cm to drive with truck