1. Genetic diversity of The Chinkara, or the Indian gazelle ( Gazella bennettii ) Presented by : Panchali Das Stream- Genetics B.Sc. 3 rd year

2.  To know about the Chinkara.  To know about some species of the Chinkara.  To know the status of the Chinkara in the world.  To know about their diversity in the genetic level. Objective

3. About Rajasthan  Rajasthan -"The land of kings“.  Largest state of the Republic of India by area.  Located in the northwest of India.  Capital -Jaipur,largest city of the state.  Covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,239 square kilometres (132,139 sq mi).

4. Fauna of Rajasthan Pea cock Tiger Camel Chinkara Black buck Imperial Eagle Panther

5. Flora Of Rajasthan Peepal ( Ficus religlora) Babul ( Acacia nilotica) Anwal ( Cassia auriculata ) Khejri ( Prosopis cineria ) Cactus (Cactaceae)

6. National Parks and Sanctuaries in Rajasthan S.NoName of National Parks/ Wild Life Sanctuary DistrictArea(Sq.km.) 1Keoladeo National ParkBharatpur28.73 2Ranthambore National Park Sawai Madhopur392.50 3Bassi WL SanctuaryChittorgarh138.69 4Desert WL SanctuaryBarmer, Jaisalmer3,162.00 5 Jaisamand WL Sanctuary Udaipur52.34 6 Mount Abu WL Sanctuary Sirohi112.98 7 Sariska WL SanctuaryAlwar557.50

7. Ranthambore National Park  Located in the Sawai Madhopur district of southeastern Rajasthan.  Spread over an area of 1,334 sq km.  Ranthambore became a national park in 1980.  Famous for its Tigers.  Vegetation in the park is mostly of the dry deciduous type.  Temperature lies between, summer 23°C to 45°C, winter 4°C to 32°C.  Best Season: From November to March  Closed: Monsoon season (July - August)

8. Biodiversity Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems. BIODIVERSITY GENETIC DIVERSITY SPECIES DIVERSITY ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY Total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species Effective number of different species that are represented in a collection of individuals (a dataset) Diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems

9. Introduction To Chinkara  The Chinkara, or Indian gazelle, (Gazella bennettii) is a species of gazelle found in south Asia.  Characterized by a sandy, yellowish and red colored fur with a pale white ventral region.  They have straight horns with prominent rings and tips that are slightly out-turned  Horns are found on both males and females, although they are relatively shorter in females.  Usually male weighs around 23kgs & female weighs around 15- 18kgs.  It is preyed upon by leopards and dholes, and was a common prey item of the Asiatic cheetah.

10. Scientific Classification of Chinkara Kingdom: Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Genus: Gazella Species: bennettii

11. Genus GAZELLA & It’s Species  Gazzella is widely considered to contain about 7 species & 2 extinct species.  Species- Cuvier’s gazelle Dorcas gazelle Goitered gazelle Indian gazelle or Chinkara Rhim gazelle Mountain gazelle Speke’s gazelle  Recent extinct species of Gazelle – Arabian gazelle (Gazella arabica) & Saudi gazelle (Gazella saudiya) ARABIAN GAZELLE SAUDI GAZELLE

12. Behavior of CHINKARA  Shy animal.  Avoids human habitation  Stay as far from human settlement as possible.  Indian Gazelles can run at great speeds ranging from 50 to 60 Kms.  Roaming alone.  Or in small groups, up to 4 animals.  Survive without water for days at a stretch.  Shy animal.  Avoids human habitation  Stay as far from human settlement as possible.  Indian Gazelles can run at great speeds ranging from 50 to 60 Kms.  Roaming alone.  Or in small groups, up to 4 animals.  Survive without water for days at a stretch.

13. Common habitats of Chinkara

14. Distribution  It lives in grassland, desert areas and rainforest in India, Bangladesh and parts of Iran and Pakistan.  Widely distributed in India, being present in 9 states: Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Gujrat Uttar Pradesh Haryana Bihar Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra  Groups of Chinkara never exceeded beyond 6 individuals in either season.

15. Diet and Feeding Of Chinkara  Diet in Wild: Grasses Green leaves Buds of flowers & fruits such as pumpkins and melons.  Majority of their metabolic water intake comes from the vegetation they consume.  It can go without water for long periods and can get sufficient fluids from plants and dew.

16. Mating Behaviour  Do not have specific time for breeding.  Though Autumn and Spring season are preferred as mating period.  Mating System : Polygynandrous (promiscuous).  Mating begins as a male gazelle touches the under parts of a female gazelle with a stiff leg, called “laufschlag”.  When complete, copulation ensues.  Gestation lasts for 5-6 months and females give birth to 1 or 2 young ones.

17. Subspecies of Chinkara 1. Gazella bennetti bennettii 2. Gazella bennetti chiristii 3. Gazella bennetti fusciforms 4.Gazella bennetti karamii 5. Gazella bennetti salinarum 6.Gazella bennetti shikarii

18. Gazella bennetti bennetti  Tawany colored with contrastingly lighter haunces and legs.  Darker brown-red in middle of back, and region of lower flank-stripe the same colour, with a duller zone between.  From the Ganges valley and the Deccan.

19. Gazella bennetti chiristii  Much paler, silvery drab brown.  Very short haired.  From Desert country of Rajasthan and Gujrat.

20. Gazella bennetti fusciforms  Long coated, grey-sandy.  Flank-band, nearly obsolete.  Female has especially long horns.  From Southeast Iran and Pakistan west of the Indus.

21. Gazella bennetti shikarii  Larger in size.  Long horned in male, female smaller.  Colour is rich tobacco- brown, underside whiter.  From Salt range, Punjab.

22. Phylogenetic tree of Chinkara Antilopinae

23. Phylogenetic tree of sub species Antilopinae Chinkara (Indian gazelle )

24. The genetic adaptation of Chinkara:  The Indian gazelle is extremely fast & the leopard is even faster. These traits are adaptational characteristics or behaviors that give a gazelle an edge in the struggle for survival.  Also by following the two stages of adaptation- random variation & natural selection, the Leopard has become faster.  Random variation results from sligth genetic difference both in case of Leopard & Chinkara. Genetic Diversity of Chinkara

25. Genetic Diversity of Chinkara (cont..)  Both of their offspring will have the same gene, that influence the speed. As the population of leopard become faster, there is now a selection pressure on gazelles to become more & more faster.  Therefore we may say that the Chinkara have become faster through evolution & the gene it carries inside will survive as well & will be transmitted to the next generation.  As generation pass, good gene become more frequent in gene pool of Indian gazelle.

26. Genetic diversity of Chinkara (cont..) Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 of Gazelle bennetti (Chinkara): Protein name:Recommended name Cytochrome c oxidassubunit 3 Alternative name(s) Cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide III. Gene names:Name: MT-CO3Synonyms: COIII, COXIII, MTCO3 Organism:Gazella bennettii (Chinkara) Taxonomic identifier: [69300]NCBI PROTEIN ATTRIBUTES: Sequence length:261 AA. Sequence status: complete Protein existence: inferred from homology GENERAL ANNOTATION: Function :Subunits I, II and III form the functional core of the enzyme complex.

27. Genetic diversity of Chinkara (cont..) Subcellular location:Mitochondrion inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Sequence similarity: Belongs to the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 family. ONTOLOGY: Cellular components : Membrane Mitochondrion Mitochondrion inner membrane Domain: Transmembrane Biological process: mitochondrial electron transport,cytochrome c to oxygen. Cellular component: integral to membrane mitochondrial inner membrane. Molecular function: Cytochrome c oxidase activity.

28. Genetic diversity of Chinkara (cont..) Sequence Length Mass (Da)Tools P68531-1 [UniParc]. FASTA26129,886 Last modified November 23, 2004. Version 1. 10 20 30 40 50 60 MTHQTHAYHM VNPSPWPLTG ALSALLMTS LIMWFHFNST TLLMLGLTTN MLTMYQWWRD 70 80 90 100 110 120 VIRESTFQGH HTPNVQKGLR YGMILFIISE VLFFTGFFWA FYHSSLAPTP ELGGCWPPTG 130 140 150 160 170 180 IHPLNPLEVP LLNTSVLLAS GVSITWAHHS LMEGNRNHML QALFITIALG VYFTLLQASE 190 200 210 220 230 240 YYEAPFTISD GVYGSTFFVA TGFHGLHVII GSTFLIVCFF RQLKFHFTSS HHFGFEAAAW 250 260 YWHFVDVVWL FLYVSIYWWG S

29. Chromosomal Evolution in Gazelles  The chromosomes of nine gazelle species and two other antilopinae species (antidorcas marsupialis and antilope cervicapra) were prepared from fibroblast cultures.  G- and C-band karyotypes were constructed, and when possible, autosomal arms were numbered according to the cattle standard karyotype.  Diploid chromosome numbers ranged from 30 to 58.  Therefore evolution in this genus could have occurred mainly by speciation following monobrachial homoeology of centric fusions.

30. Chromosomal Evolution in Gazelles (cont.)  X to autosome translocations were common in the whole genus.  This phylogenetic reconstruction confirms most of the taxonomic relationships obtained by morphological analyses for this group of species including Gazella bennetti..

31. Comparative Genetics D iversity in total number of chromosome of Chinkara with other gazelle species:  The interesting feature of other species in genus gazelle is that, their widely varying chromosome number. In CHINKARA ( Gazella bennetti ) 2n=49 (female) 52 (male) In DORCAS GAZELLE 2n= 30 (female) 31 (male) In THOMSON’S GAZELLE 2n=58 In SAUDI GAZELLE 2n=47(female) 51(male)  Therefore this is one of the major GENETIC DIVERSITY of Chinkara with other species around the world, though they belong to the same genus.

32. Comparative Genetics MALE & FEMALE KARYOTYPE OF A PERSIAN GAZELLE (G.s.subgutturosa

33. Interesting Facts In 1998, an Indian film star, Salman Khan, was charged with hunting Chinkara. A young / baby of a Indian gazelle is called a 'calf '. The alert nature of Chinkara helps them to get hunted from the predators like Hunters, Cheetah, etc. Indian Gazelle (Chinkara) is known as the state animal of Rajasthan in India.  In 1994 the species was considered vulnerable.  In 1996 Gazella bennettii was considered a species of lower risk.

34. Major Threat(s) of Chinkara  Indiscriminate hunting and habitat loss.  Hunted for meat and to a lesser degree for trophies.  Habitat loss through- Overgrazing Conversion to agriculture Industrial development.

35. Conservation Status of Chinkara  Considered a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).  Indian country has enacted laws against killing of Gazelles.  In the North Western parts of the Indian country, people called as Bishnoi community protect this animal for their religious reason. Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) (A Bishnoi priest feeding a Chinkara)

36. Conclusion Chinkara is a slender and graceful deer. Although from IUCN red data book it has been found that Gazella bennetti (Chinkara),belongs to the category of least concerned but it is our duty to be concerned about the fact of conservation of Chinkara in India because not only Leopard is the enemy of Chinkara, also human being are major threat to them. Let us save Chinkara from extinction.

37. References  http://www.ecoindia.com/mammals/chinkara  http://www.iloveindia.com/wildlife/indian-wild- animals/chinkara/indian gazella.html  http://www.wildlywise.com/chinkara.htm.  Prater, S. H. 1971 The Book of Indian Animals. Oxford University Press, 2005 reprint.

38. Thank you!!