1. 7.2 How can these challenges be managed? 7.2a Cities in the DEVELOPED world have huge potential to reduce their environmental impact (ECO- FOOTPRINTs) Lesson 6 - Today we will ANALYSE the potential for SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT to be improved in a named DEVELOPED WORLD CITY.

2. Lesson 6- Today we will ANALYSE the potential for SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT to be improved in a named DEVELOPED WORLD CITY. Is London’s transport system SUSTAINABLE enough? What is the message from this cartoon do you think?

3. How sustainable is London’s transport network? To make something SUSTAINABLE you need to make it last into the future. So what things have already been done in London?

4. Using the hand-out's on the desk in front of you Describe the schemes that are already in place to make London’s transport sustainable. Under the headings- Increasing bike use Improving public transport Reducing car use Reducing air pollution How sustainable is London’s transport network?

5. Are they doing enough? Brainstorm what else could be done to make transport in London more sustainable? Ways to make London’s transport network more SUSTAINABLE

6. How do others do it? Make notes from the hand-outs, about how other DEVELOPED world cities are making their transport more sustainable.

7. Denmark takes a leading position – both in numbers of bicycle users and planning within this field. Bicycle culture is constantly evolving and celebrated as a fast and lively alternative during rush hour. Bicycle culture Healthier citizens reduce health care costs at an estimated rate of € 0.77 per km cycled. € 230,000 Health expenses saved by cycling per year. Bicycles are integrated into the wider transport network. Passengers can easily transfer between cycling and public transport. Carriages on trains are upgraded to accommodate bicycles. The design of intersections is improved to ensure safety for cyclists. 50% of people living and working in Copenhagen ride their bike to work everyday. ’Green waves‘ along some of the primary routes prioritise bicycles by adapting the green light to bicycles travelling at 20 km/hour so that cyclists can travel non-stop. 43 km of ’Greenways ‘ In Copenhagen green cycle routes are made to provide routes away from main roads and through parks and recreational spaces. Cycle lanes along roads include a curb to separate cyclists from cars and pedestrians, which maximises safety and sense of safety for cyclists.

8. More than half of the city’s taxis are hybrid vehicles, or run on compressed natural gas. Hybrid vehicles are far more fuel efficient, so not only do they reduce vehicle emissions, they also save the owner money, incentivising other taxi owners to switch to greener technologies. First introduced a low-tech man-powered version in 1975. By charging drivers a flat fee for unlimited entries into Singapore’s central area there was an almost immediate 45% reduction in vehicle traffic, which led to less congestion and, therefore, faster travel times. In 1998 Singapore introduced an Electronic Road Pricing program (ERP) which charges all vehicles, except for Emergency vehicles. With the ERP, traffic levels have decreased even further, leading to a reduction of 176 tonnes of CO2 per year.

9. Cycling is the main form of transport in the city centre, accounting for 40% of all commutes There are cycle lanes everywhere and thousands of bicycle parking places. The canal streets in are traffic calmed, with cycle lanes wide enough for two cyclists abreast. The main street junctions have a priority position for cyclists to help them keep moving safely ahead in traffic. The local traffic laws mean that in almost any accident involving a car and a bicycle, the car driver is considered to be at fault. Amsterdam plans to develop further by encouraging electric private vehicles. A new subsidy scheme will repay local businesses up to 50% of the cost of purchasing an electric vehicle. 3bn euros have been set aside to cover these costs and to stimulate the project. New recharging stations are being erected all over the city, many using ‘green electricity’ At one ‘park and ride’ hub on Amsterdam’s outskirts, the parking fee includes free recharging for electric cars.

10. Should London do more? Should the congestion charge be extended across the whole of London? Should we have more cycle super highways? Should we ban cars from London altogether? Should people pay per person in their cars? (less money if your car has more people in or is full)

11. London should do more? Increasing the number of superhighways, would cost money, at the moment in the economic downturn, this is scarce The congestion charge and bike schemes have reduced the number of cars in the congestion charge zone Disabled access to transport have greatly increased over the last 20 years, especially with DLR and tube and over ground upgrades (Chadwell Heath station), this will increase further with Crossrail in 2017. London still lags behind other DEVELOPED world cities like Copenhagen and Amsterdam- proof more is possible. Decreasing vehicles across the city will be cost effective in the long run, reducing vehicles will reduce congestion and air pollution, improving health of residents and thus reducing NHS spending. Charging vehicles to enter the city, reduces access for businesses, meaning they may lose customers and therefore money.

12. What else can be done? People who live and work near to each other can share cars, reducing cost and emissions. Encouraging people to swap from petrol power to electric, which reduces emissions Having controls over which cars can use the cities roads on which days, e.g. odd registrations allowed only on certain days. Having days when cars are banned from the whole or some areas of the city, TASK Match the term to its description,

13. What else can be done? People who live and work near to each other can share cars, reducing cost and emissions. Encouraging people to swap from petrol power to electric, which reduces emissions Having controls over which cars can use the cities roads on which days, e.g. odd registrations allowed only on certain days. Having days when cars are banned from the whole or some areas of the city, TASK Think of positives and negatives of each idea.

14. TASK OUTLINE the costs and benefits of making London’s transport network more sustainable