1. Mongols 1

2. Eurasia Steppe – Vast belt of dry grassland – Little rainfall and extreme temperatures changes Served as a land trade route Home to nomadic people – Western steppe- Hittites and Aryans – Eastern Steppe- Huns, Turks and Mongols Steppe – Vast belt of dry grassland – Little rainfall and extreme temperatures changes Served as a land trade route Home to nomadic people – Western steppe- Hittites and Aryans – Eastern Steppe- Huns, Turks and Mongols 2

3. Nomadic people Pastoralists- – herded domesticated animals- Horse will be very important – follow seasonal patterns that included returning to same campsites – Lived in Yurts- portable felt tents Pastoralists- – herded domesticated animals- Horse will be very important – follow seasonal patterns that included returning to same campsites – Lived in Yurts- portable felt tents Lived and travel in clans – Kinship groups that were descendants from a common ancestor Often fought over grassland and water rights – Sometimes clans would join together to fight a common enemy Lived and travel in clans – Kinship groups that were descendants from a common ancestor Often fought over grassland and water rights – Sometimes clans would join together to fight a common enemy 3

4. Leadership in Mongol clans Leadership in Mongol clans – Elected by free males – Held position as long as they could keep it. Leadership in Mongol clans Leadership in Mongol clans – Elected by free males – Held position as long as they could keep it. 4

5. MongolsMongols Superb horsemen and archers Superb horsemen and archers Could of become a world power early on, if had not had Could of become a world power early on, if had not had – Rivalries between tribes and clans that kept them from unifying – Fighting kept them fairly isolated from the rest of the world Superb horsemen and archers Superb horsemen and archers Could of become a world power early on, if had not had Could of become a world power early on, if had not had – Rivalries between tribes and clans that kept them from unifying – Fighting kept them fairly isolated from the rest of the world 5

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7. Temujin Genghis Khan 1200 will unite the Mongol clans Assumed the title of Genghis Khan (Chingiss Kahn) Universal leader – Will lead Mongols for 21 years First goal to invade China- later the Islamic region west of Mongolia By 1221 Central Asia under Mongol control Largest empire the world had ever seen 1200 will unite the Mongol clans Assumed the title of Genghis Khan (Chingiss Kahn) Universal leader – Will lead Mongols for 21 years First goal to invade China- later the Islamic region west of Mongolia By 1221 Central Asia under Mongol control Largest empire the world had ever seen 7

8. Characteristics of Genghis Khan Brilliant organizer Gifted Strategist Adopted new weapons and technologies used by his enemies – Bows & arrows – Bronze cannons – Iron mace – hatchets Brilliant organizer Gifted Strategist Adopted new weapons and technologies used by his enemies – Bows & arrows – Bronze cannons – Iron mace – hatchets 8

9. Military divided into units called tumens Military divided into units called tumens Used cruelty as a weapon- terrify his enemies into surrendering Used cruelty as a weapon- terrify his enemies into surrendering – Battle field tactic Pretend to retreat and then send in the heavy cavalry on the flanks Pretend to retreat and then send in the heavy cavalry on the flanks Very superstitious Very superstitious Only thing he feared was dogs Only thing he feared was dogs Military divided into units called tumens Military divided into units called tumens Used cruelty as a weapon- terrify his enemies into surrendering Used cruelty as a weapon- terrify his enemies into surrendering – Battle field tactic Pretend to retreat and then send in the heavy cavalry on the flanks Pretend to retreat and then send in the heavy cavalry on the flanks Very superstitious Very superstitious Only thing he feared was dogs Only thing he feared was dogs 9

10. Genghis Khan’s Imperial rule Genghis Khan’s Imperial rule – Legal code To end division and quarrels between clans To end division and quarrels between clans – Promote growth and trade – Religious tolerance – Overall peace to Asia Once established Once established Genghis Khan’s Imperial rule Genghis Khan’s Imperial rule – Legal code To end division and quarrels between clans To end division and quarrels between clans – Promote growth and trade – Religious tolerance – Overall peace to Asia Once established Once established 10

11. Empire so large that it was split into hordes Empire so large that it was split into hordes – Small independent empires Golden Horde Golden Horde – Modern day Russia Empire allowed for exchange of goods, ideas and cultures from one distant region to another Empire allowed for exchange of goods, ideas and cultures from one distant region to another – Mongols had been illiterate and nomadic but after Genghis Khan’s conquest they assimilated into the cultures of the people they had defeated Empire so large that it was split into hordes Empire so large that it was split into hordes – Small independent empires Golden Horde Golden Horde – Modern day Russia Empire allowed for exchange of goods, ideas and cultures from one distant region to another Empire allowed for exchange of goods, ideas and cultures from one distant region to another – Mongols had been illiterate and nomadic but after Genghis Khan’s conquest they assimilated into the cultures of the people they had defeated 11

12. The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: – If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. – If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. – If you do not have children, we will take your wife. – If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. Used cruelty as a weapon --> some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction! Used cruelty as a weapon --> some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction! Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: – If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. – If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. – If you do not have children, we will take your wife. – If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. Used cruelty as a weapon --> some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction! Used cruelty as a weapon --> some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

13. Key to Mongolian victories Stirrup- enabled mounted warrior to stand, turn and shoot arrows behind him 13

14. Genghis Khan death Dies from illness in 1227 Grave is unmarked to prevent enemies from desecrating the body Dies from illness in 1227 Grave is unmarked to prevent enemies from desecrating the body 14

15. Mongol empire Mongol empire – They did not attempt to force a unified religion or way of life – Their infrastructure allowed for the exchange and spread of ideas It just was not their own culture It just was not their own culture Mongol empire Mongol empire – They did not attempt to force a unified religion or way of life – Their infrastructure allowed for the exchange and spread of ideas It just was not their own culture It just was not their own culture 15

16. Succession Ogadai will succeed his father Became known as the Great Khan Upon his death empire is divided into 4 large Khanates – Each ruled by a descendant of Genghis Khan 1260 CE Kublai Khan will declare himself to be the Great Khan Ogadai will succeed his father Became known as the Great Khan Upon his death empire is divided into 4 large Khanates – Each ruled by a descendant of Genghis Khan 1260 CE Kublai Khan will declare himself to be the Great Khan 16

17. Golden Horne Russia Russia – Invaded by Mongols in 13 th century – Russia had been a number of small kingdoms Centered on trading cities Centered on trading cities Russia princes refused to cooperate and were individually removed by Mongols Russia princes refused to cooperate and were individually removed by Mongols – Result of Mongol tribute will be the Russian peasants reduced to serfdom – Moscow will thrive because their princes collect the tribute for the Mongols and because it was seat of the Orthodox church Impact of Mongol rule of Russia Impact of Mongol rule of Russia – Isolation of Russia from Western Europe – Will not experience the Renaissance and Reformation Russia Russia – Invaded by Mongols in 13 th century – Russia had been a number of small kingdoms Centered on trading cities Centered on trading cities Russia princes refused to cooperate and were individually removed by Mongols Russia princes refused to cooperate and were individually removed by Mongols – Result of Mongol tribute will be the Russian peasants reduced to serfdom – Moscow will thrive because their princes collect the tribute for the Mongols and because it was seat of the Orthodox church Impact of Mongol rule of Russia Impact of Mongol rule of Russia – Isolation of Russia from Western Europe – Will not experience the Renaissance and Reformation 17

18. Ilkhan Khanate Ilkhan Khanate – Muslim heartland – End the Abbasid dynasty Destroy Baghdad and other major Islamic focal points – Bring about the decline of Seljuk Turks Ilkhan Khanate Ilkhan Khanate – Muslim heartland – End the Abbasid dynasty Destroy Baghdad and other major Islamic focal points – Bring about the decline of Seljuk Turks 18

19. Mongol Peace – Mongols imposed stability and law across Eurasia. – Trade will increase between Europe and Asia – Ideas and inventions will spread into Europe Historians believe that bubonic plague was first spread by Mongols – Killed more with the plague than through warfare Mongol Peace – Mongols imposed stability and law across Eurasia. – Trade will increase between Europe and Asia – Ideas and inventions will spread into Europe Historians believe that bubonic plague was first spread by Mongols – Killed more with the plague than through warfare 19

20. Under Kublai Khan the Mongol Empire will be the largest unified land empire in history 20

21. Kublai Khan Founder of Yuan Dynasty Important because it will unite China for first time in 300 years Open China to greater foreign contacts and trade Founder of Yuan Dynasty Important because it will unite China for first time in 300 years Open China to greater foreign contacts and trade 21

22. Kublai Khan will spend most of his life in China Will enjoy living in luxurious manner of a Chinese emperor Will even dress Chinese Built new capital at Beijing – According to Marco Polo “the largest that was ever seen” Kublai Khan will spend most of his life in China Will enjoy living in luxurious manner of a Chinese emperor Will even dress Chinese Built new capital at Beijing – According to Marco Polo “the largest that was ever seen” 22

23. Yuan social order Yuan social order – Mongols – Muslims & central Asian allies rank below Mongols Kublai Khan maintained separation of Mongols and Chinese by Kublai Khan maintained separation of Mongols and Chinese by – Keeping military forces separate – Allowing only women of nomadic families in imperial harem – Forbidden intermarriage of Mongols and Chinese – Not allowing Chinese scholars to learn Mongol script Yuan social order Yuan social order – Mongols – Muslims & central Asian allies rank below Mongols Kublai Khan maintained separation of Mongols and Chinese by Kublai Khan maintained separation of Mongols and Chinese by – Keeping military forces separate – Allowing only women of nomadic families in imperial harem – Forbidden intermarriage of Mongols and Chinese – Not allowing Chinese scholars to learn Mongol script 23

24. Mongols will continue the policy of religious tolerance Mongols will continue the policy of religious tolerance Status of merchants and artists will improve under the Yuan dynasty Status of merchants and artists will improve under the Yuan dynasty Mongols will not use the examination system Mongols will not use the examination system – To keep the scholar-gentry from gaining too much power Mongolian women Mongolian women – will not adopt the Chinese practices of foot binding – Will remain somewhat independent – Retain right of property Mongols will continue the policy of religious tolerance Mongols will continue the policy of religious tolerance Status of merchants and artists will improve under the Yuan dynasty Status of merchants and artists will improve under the Yuan dynasty Mongols will not use the examination system Mongols will not use the examination system – To keep the scholar-gentry from gaining too much power Mongolian women Mongolian women – will not adopt the Chinese practices of foot binding – Will remain somewhat independent – Retain right of property 24

25. Invasion of Japan Will attempt to extend rule to Japan Will send the largest seaborne invasion force in history (up to WWII) – Fought for 53 days to a standstill – 54 th day a storm with strong winds will hit and devastate Kublai Khan’s fleet Kamikaze- divine wind that will save Japan Will attempt to extend rule to Japan Will send the largest seaborne invasion force in history (up to WWII) – Fought for 53 days to a standstill – 54 th day a storm with strong winds will hit and devastate Kublai Khan’s fleet Kamikaze- divine wind that will save Japan 25

26. Mongols in China have little in common with Chinese subjects – Mongols live apart and even obey different laws – Mongols will hold most of the highest government posts – Many jobs also given to foreigners Mongols felt that foreigners were more trustworthy because they had no local loyalties Mongols in China have little in common with Chinese subjects – Mongols live apart and even obey different laws – Mongols will hold most of the highest government posts – Many jobs also given to foreigners Mongols felt that foreigners were more trustworthy because they had no local loyalties 26

27. Marco Polo Most famous European to visit China – Venetian trader Greatly respected by Kublai Khan – Sent on special mission around empire Will later describe his adventures in a book about China – Book will be an instant hit but many will not believe a word of it. – Believed it was just tall tales Examples- black stones that burn (coal) Most famous European to visit China – Venetian trader Greatly respected by Kublai Khan – Sent on special mission around empire Will later describe his adventures in a book about China – Book will be an instant hit but many will not believe a word of it. – Believed it was just tall tales Examples- black stones that burn (coal) 27

28. Kublai Khan Dies in 1294 CE at the age of 80 Yuan dynasty will continue for 74 more years Problems with famine, flood, disease and economic problems – At one point over 4 different Khans will take the title in 18 years 1368 Ming Dynasty will begin Dies in 1294 CE at the age of 80 Yuan dynasty will continue for 74 more years Problems with famine, flood, disease and economic problems – At one point over 4 different Khans will take the title in 18 years 1368 Ming Dynasty will begin 28