1. Chapter 29, Section 2: The Civil Rights Movement Main Idea: After WWII, African Americans and other minorities began to demand their full civil rights and an end to discrimination.

2. A. Discrimination Creates Barriers African Americans faced discrimination for jobs, housing & education across the nation. African Americans faced discrimination for jobs, housing & education across the nation. Segregation, the strict separation of the races in public places, was still strong in the South. Segregation, the strict separation of the races in public places, was still strong in the South.  With Jim Crow laws still in place, black facilities were always inferior to white ones. In the Southwest, Mexican Americans also experienced discrimination & segregation. In the Southwest, Mexican Americans also experienced discrimination & segregation. Breaking Down the Barriers The NAACP fought discrimination, helped register black voters, & fought for equal opportunity in housing & employment. The NAACP fought discrimination, helped register black voters, & fought for equal opportunity in housing & employment.  Thurgood Marshall – Legal Defense Fund Historic Firsts Jackie Robinson breaks the color barrier in MLB in 1947, signing with the Brooklyn Dodgers & winning rookie of the year honors. Jackie Robinson breaks the color barrier in MLB in 1947, signing with the Brooklyn Dodgers & winning rookie of the year honors. The military is integrated (desegregated) in 1948 by President Truman (The Korean War is the 1 st war with integrated troops). The military is integrated (desegregated) in 1948 by President Truman (The Korean War is the 1 st war with integrated troops).

4. Jackie Robinson & Civil Rights Jackie Robinson’s actions affected the world far beyond Major League Baseball. His courage and discipline in standing up against racism were a preview of the actions taken by many members of The Civil Rights Movement. His courage and discipline in standing up against racism were a preview of the actions taken by many members of The Civil Rights Movement. The success of the Jackie Robinson experiment was a testament to fact that integration could exist. The success of the Jackie Robinson experiment was a testament to fact that integration could exist. 42

5. B. The Court Fight for Civil Rights In Schools In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” facilities for blacks & whites were constitutional (segregation was legal). By the 1950s, 21 states (& Wash., DC) still had segregated schools, & the black schools were always inferior. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” facilities for blacks & whites were constitutional (segregation was legal). By the 1950s, 21 states (& Wash., DC) still had segregated schools, & the black schools were always inferior. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in 1954 that segregated schools were unconstitutional, because they violated the 14 th Amendment’s “equal protection” clause In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in 1954 that segregated schools were unconstitutional, because they violated the 14 th Amendment’s “equal protection” clause  Thurgood Marshall, chief lawyer for the NAACP (& future Supreme Court Justice), argued that “separate” could never be “equal,” therefore segregated schools could never provide an equal education to black students.  Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote that segregation affected the “hearts & minds” of black students & “Separate educational facilities are always unequal.” Desegregating Public Schools A year later, the Court ordered schools to be integrated “with all deliberate speed,” causing many problems because the orders were too vague. White resistance cause many states to drag their feet & disobey A year later, the Court ordered schools to be integrated “with all deliberate speed,” causing many problems because the orders were too vague. White resistance cause many states to drag their feet & disobey  In Little Rock, AR, Governor Orval Faubus refused to obey, calling out the National Guard to prevent black students from attending all-white Central High.  President Eisenhower then sent federal troops to escort black students to Central High & protect them from angry white mobs (1 st time since Reconstruction).

7. · In the case, Oliver Brown challenged that his daughter, Linda, should be allowed to attend an all-white school near her home instead of the distant all-black school she had been assigned to. Oliver Brown was a welder for the Santa Fe Railroad and a part-time assistant pastor at a church. Linda Brown was in the third grade when her father began his class action lawsuit.

11. On Juries The AGIF (American GI Forum) was the Mexican American version of the NAACP, started by Mexican American veterans of WWI. The AGIF (American GI Forum) was the Mexican American version of the NAACP, started by Mexican American veterans of WWI. Mexican Americans also won a big Supreme Court case in 1954, with Hernandez v. Texas. Mexican Americans also won a big Supreme Court case in 1954, with Hernandez v. Texas.  Pete Hernandez was convicted of murder by an all- white jury. His lawyers argued that he did not receive a fair trial because Mexican Americans were excluded from juries in Texas.  The Supreme Court agreed, overturned his conviction, & ended the exclusion of Mexican Americans from Texas juries.  This case would be used by other minority groups in the future to help win their civil rights.

12. Rosa Parks was arrested & jailed in Montgomery, AL in 1955 for refusing to move to the back of a bus & give her seat to a white man. Rosa Parks was arrested & jailed in Montgomery, AL in 1955 for refusing to move to the back of a bus & give her seat to a white man. Rosa Parks Rosa Parks  This both angered & united the black community in Montgomery, which led to a boycott (refuse to use) of Montgomery buses by black riders.  They hoped that this would hurt the city financially & force them to integrate. Led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., a Baptist minister, the black community of Montgomery refused to ride buses starting on 12/5/55. Led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., a Baptist minister, the black community of Montgomery refused to ride buses starting on 12/5/55. The Boycott Continues The boycott lasted for over a year, until December 20, 1956. In the meantime, African Americans organized carpools &/or walked. The boycott lasted for over a year, until December 20, 1956. In the meantime, African Americans organized carpools &/or walked. Angry whites fought back, threatening arrests, issuing traffic tickets, & harassing black drivers (Dr. King was arrested for speeding & put in jail for several days, during which time his house was bombed). Angry whites fought back, threatening arrests, issuing traffic tickets, & harassing black drivers (Dr. King was arrested for speeding & put in jail for several days, during which time his house was bombed). King insisted that his followers practice civil disobedience, or nonviolent protests against unjust laws. This meant don’t fight back! King insisted that his followers practice civil disobedience, or nonviolent protests against unjust laws. This meant don’t fight back!  “We must use the weapon of love. We must have compassion and understanding for those who hate us.” – MLK, Jr. Throughout the boycott, churches were vital to its success. This is where protestors met to plan, sing, pray, & keep morale high. Throughout the boycott, churches were vital to its success. This is where protestors met to plan, sing, pray, & keep morale high. After over a year, the Supreme Court ruled bus segregation illegal. After over a year, the Supreme Court ruled bus segregation illegal. C. The Montgomery Bus Boycott

13. The Voices of Montgomery

15. An empty bus passes by during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1956.

17. King was arrested, his house was bombed, yet the boycott continued. Martin Luther King, Jr., arrested, Montgomery, Alabama, 1958.

18. King, wrote the letter after being arrested at a peaceful protest in Birmingham, Alabama. King, wrote the letter after being arrested at a peaceful protest in Birmingham, Alabama.  The letter was in response to a letter sent to him by eight Alabama Clergymen called, “A Call For Unity.”  The men recognized that injustices were occurring in Birmingham but believed that the battles for freedom should be fought in the courtroom in not in the streets.  In the letter, “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” King justified civil disobedience by saying that without forceful action, true civil rights would never be achieved. Direct action is justified in the face of unjust laws. In the letter King justifies civil disobedience in the town of Birmingham. In the letter King justifies civil disobedience in the town of Birmingham.  “I cannot sit idly in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”  “There can be no gain saying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts.”  “Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself.”  “We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor, it must be demanded by the oppressed.  “Wait has almost always meant 'never.‘”

19. Dr. King and his wife, Coretta, at the conclusion of the boycott. Wide-Reaching Effects The Montgomery bus boycott attracted national attention, giving the civil rights movement its roots. It introduced the country to a new generation of African American leaders, namely Martin Luther King. Nonviolent protest became the key tactic used in the struggle. These events (Brown v. Board & Rosa Parks) become the seeds of the Civil Rights Movement (the fight for equal rights) & brought national attention to the problems of segregation & discrimination in the US.

20. D. Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. King became a nationally known civil rights leader due to his role in the boycott. Dr. King became a nationally known civil rights leader due to his role in the boycott.  Son of a prominent Baptist minister.  Graduated from Morehouse College.  Earned a Ph.D. in religion & served as pastor of an African American church in Montgomery. He admired Mohandas Gandhi (led the fight against British rule in India) & used his philosophies of nonviolent protest & civil disobedience as the basis of his civil rights movement. He admired Mohandas Gandhi (led the fight against British rule in India) & used his philosophies of nonviolent protest & civil disobedience as the basis of his civil rights movement. King founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) with other black church leaders (100 ministers) to promote more civil rights by fighting injustice using civil disobedience. King founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) with other black church leaders (100 ministers) to promote more civil rights by fighting injustice using civil disobedience.  “Nonviolence is not a symbol of weakness or cowardice, … (it) transforms weakness into strength and breeds courage in the face of danger.”