1. Nonrenewable Energy Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 17 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 17

2. Key Concepts  Available energy alternatives  Oil resources  Natural gas resources  Coal resources  Nuclear fission and fusion

3. Evaluating Energy Resources  Renewable energy  Non-renewable energy  Future availability  Net energy yield  Costs  Environmental effects Fig. 17-3b p. 352

4. Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources Fig. 17-2 p. 351

5. North American Energy Resources Fig. 17-9 p. 357

6. Oil  Petroleum (crude oil)  Recovery  Petrochemicals  Refining  Transporting Fig. 17-8 p. 356

7. Conventional Oil: Advantages  Relatively low cost  High net energy yield  Efficient distribution system Refer to Fig. 17-15 p. 360

8. Conventional Oil: Disadvantages  Running out  Low prices encourage waste  Air pollution and Greenhouse gases Refer to Fig. 17-15 p. 360  Water pollution

9. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Controversy: Trade-offs  Would create jobs  Oil resources are uncertain  Uncertain environmental impacts Refer to Fig. 17-14 p. 360  Drilling controversies

10. Oil Shale and Tar Sands  Oil shale  Kerogen  Tar sand  Bitumen Fig. 17-18 p. 362

11. Natural Gas  50-90% methane  Conventional gas  Unconventional gas  Methane hydrate  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)  Liquefied natural gas (LNG)  Approximate 200 year supply Fig. 17-19 p. 363

12. Coal  Stages of coal formation  Primarily strip-mined  Used mostly for generating electricity  Enough coal for about 1000 years  High environmental impact  Coal gasification and liquefaction

13. Fig. 17-20 p. 364 Coal Formation and Types

14. Coal: Trade-offs Fig. 17-21 p. 365

15. Synthetic Fuels: Trade-offs Fig. 17-22 p. 365

16. Nuclear Energy  Fission reactors  Uranium-235  Potentially dangerous  Radioactive wastes Refer to Introductory Essay p. 350 Fig. 17-23 p. 367

17. Locations of U.S. Nuclear Power Plants Fig. 17-25 p. 369

18. The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Fig. 17-24 p. 368

19. Conventional Nuclear Power: Trade-offs Fig. 17-26 p. 370

20. Serious Nuclear Accidents  Three Mile Island (1979)  Chernobyl (1986): p. 350  Three Mile Island (1979)  Chernobyl (1986): p. 350

21. Dealing with Nuclear Waste  High- and low-level wastes  Terrorist threats  Underground burial  Disposal in space  Burial in ice sheets  Dumping into subduction zones  Burial in ocean mud  Conversion into harmless materials

22. Yucca Mountain Controversy  Wastes stored and guarded in one place  Possible long-term groundwater contamination  Security and safety concerns during waste transport to the site Refer to Fig. 17-29 p. 374

23. Permanent Underground Disposal of Nuclear Wastes Storage Containers Fuel rod Primary canister Overpack container sealed Underground Buried and capped Ground Level Unloaded from train Lowered down shaft Personnel elevator Air shaft Nuclear waste shaft Fig. 17-28 p. 373

24. Nuclear Alternatives  Breeder nuclear fission reactors  Nuclear fusion  New reactor designs