1. 1 ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines  “Digital Dividend”, 4G/Long Term Evolution (LTE) and coexistence with Cable Networks  Gauss’s Law, Ampere´s Law, Faraday´s Law and  Maxwell´s Equations and Wave Equations  Telegraphic Equations Introduction: Lecture 11 April 2016 / Lauri Halme

2. 2 “Digital Dividend“  The keyword “Digital Dividend“ stands for no longer needed frequency capacity due to the digitalization of broadcast signals.  This situation occurred when moving from analogue to digital modulation - Terrestrial AM (PAL) → DVB-T (-T2); - Satellite FM (PAL) → DVB-S (-S2); - Cable AM (PAL) → DVB-C (-C2).  The frequency band in the upper UHF in Europe (790 MHz – 862 MHz) and the bands 17 and 13 in United States (704 – 787 Mhz) is now assigned to broadcast and mobile radio services of 4G/LTE, Long Term Evolution technique  These broadband mobile radio systems should mainly serve the supply of rural areas with broadband internet accesses. ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines

3. 3   The co-existence of broadcast transmissions via terrestrial and cable networks and the new mobile radio services in the same frequency bands may cause disturbances due to in-sufficient*) Electromagnetic screening or shielding (EMC) characteristics of: - TV sets, STB etc. - Cable networks in total - Active and passive cable network equipment - Coaxial cables - Receiver leads (coaxial cable assemblies) - Too high transmitter power of LTE base stations and cell-phones - Too small distance between “broadcast” and LTE equipment (especially in-house and in-home!)  Urgent research and standardisation are needed! *) Not applying to relevant standards ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines

4. 4. ←←←←←←←← ←←←←←← TV Screening in general better than standardized. Trials in Finland: → Connection Leads, Tuners and Antenna Amplifiers have EM screening problems. Good workmanship is extremely important → Disturbance in → ← both directions ← 67 dBm = 5 kW Max. 25 dBm = 0.32W Max. ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines

5. 5. 4 Downlink 791-821 MHz Max. Power 0.8/5.0 kW Uplink 832-862 MHz Max. Power 0.32 W In Europe 790 MHz Bandwidth 72 MHz 9 Channels á 8 MHz 862 MHz In USA 704 Mhz 787 Mhz 5 ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines

6. 6. GSM & 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Major Milestones Analogue technology, from the 1980s on-wards. Various technologies were deployed, Nationally or Regionally, including: NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), TACS (Total Access Communications System), A-Netz to E-Netz, Radiocom 2000, RTMI (Radio Telefono Mobile Integrato), JTACS (Japan Total Access Communications System) and TZ-80n. First digital systems, deployed in the 1990s introducing voice, SMS and data services. The Primary 2G technologies are: GSM/GPRS, CDMAOne, PDC, iDEN, IS-136 or D-AMPS. GSM/GPRS accounts for over 80% of all 2G subscribers. Allowed a global vision for the evolution of 2G networks, with technologies evolving towards the IMT-2000 family of systems. Primary technologies are EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM), CDMA2000 1X/EVDO and UMTS-HSPA 1G 2G 3G ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines

7. 7. Major Milestones (Continuing) LTE – although strictly speaking a 3G technology –is set to cross in to the next generation, with its capacity for high speed data and its emergence as the basis for all future mobile systems. ITU’s IMT-Advanced requirements include the ability to operate in up to 40 MHz radio channels(* and with very high spectral efficiency. No technology meets those requirements today, but LTE-Advanced is designed to do just that. (*Capacity up to 200 Mbit/s by 15 dB S/N ratio. 4G 3.9G IMT (International Mobile Telecommucations) standards will expand to incorporate “IMT for 2020 and beyond”. Establishing IMT as an excellent global mean for connecting people and devices everywhere will continue in the “5G” future. 5G ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines ( )

8. 8 LTE Workshop DS Copenhagen 8.10.2012/LH

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10. 10.. European Standard EN 50083, EN 50569 EN 50228 and EN 50117 series International Standard IEC 60728, IEC 61156 and IEC 61196 series Title or content of the European Standard EN 50083-2: 2012IEC 60728-2: 2002Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive services; Part 2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for equipment EN 50083-8: 2002 FprEN 50083-8 accepted by 34th TC209 meeting in Berlin; under final preparation for UAP IEC 60728-12: 2001 (2013) Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive services; Part 8: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for networks EN 50569 series---Electromagnetic compatibility for transmission networks EN 50228 seriesIEC 61156 series“Symmetric Cables” EN 50117 seriesIEC 61196 series“Coaxial Cables” Network EMC and Cable Standards ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines

11. 11. Coaxial Cables IEC 61196-6 No. IEC test procedure ParameterRequirements/remarks 7.1.2.662153-4-3Transfer impedance Screening Class A+:  2,5 m  /m from 5 MHz - 30 MHz Screening Class A*):  5 m  /m from 5 MHz - 30 MHz Screening Class B:  15 m  /m from 5 MHz - 30 MHz *) Class A is generally regarded as minimum requirement for good screening which is needed e.g. for co-existence with LTE. ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines

12. 12 ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines. IEC 61156 and EN 50288 Series ParameterRequirement IEC 61156-6 Clause 6.2.8 Coupling attenuation Type I*):  85dB, 30 MHz  f  100 MHz 85 - 20 log f/100 dB 100 MHz  f  1000 MHz Type Ib:  70dB, 30 MHz  f  100 MHz 70 - 20 log f/100 dB 100 MHz  f  1000 MHz Type II:  55dB, 30 MHz  f  100 MHz 55 - 20 log f/100 dB 100 MHz  f  1000 MHz Type III:  40dB, 30 MHz  f  100 MHz 40 - 20 log f/100 dB 100 MHz  f  1000 MHz IEC 61156-6 Clause 6.2.7 Transfer impedance Grade 1*):  10 m  /m at 1 MHz;  10 m  /m at 10 MHz;  30 m  /m at 30 MHz ;  100 m  /m at 100 MHz Grade 2:  50 m  /m at 1 MHz;  100 m  /m at 10 MHz;  200 m  /m at 30 MHz;  1000 m  /m at 100MHz EN 50288-10.1 Clause 5.1.2.12 Screening attenuation Grade 1*):  55 dB, 30 MHz  f  500 MHz; Grade 2:  40 dB, 30 MHz  f  500 MHz Symmetrical Cables *) Generally regarded as minimum requirement for good screening

13. 13 The Maxwell’s equations can be easily derived from Ampere’s circuit law and Faraday’s law of induction (CHAPTER L1E) ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines

14. 14 The Maxwell’s equations can be easily derived from Ampere’s circuit law and Faraday’s law of induction (Continues CHAPTER L1E) ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines

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23. 23 ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines 1.3. TRANSMISSION LINE or TELEGRAPHIC EQUATIONS

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27. 27 ELEC-E7410 Communication Transmission Lines ANNEX

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