1. The IMMUNE System Unit 3 Transportation Systems

2. Medical Terminology Spleno – spleen Patho – disease -pathy – disease -cyto – cell Ciso – cut - cele - hernia, swelling Histo – tissue CBC – Complete Blood Count

3. Vocabulary Antibody- a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antigen- a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, the production of antibodies. Immunity- the ability to resist a particular toxin by the action of specific antibodies. Lymphocyte – a form of small leukocyte with a single round nucleus occurring in the lymphatic system. Peyer’s patches – lymph nodes in the walls of the intestines near the junction of the ileum and colon.

4. Vocabulary (continued) Pathogen – a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease. Infection – the process of infecting or the state of being infected. Axillary – Of or relating to the armpit “enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes”

5. Functions of the Immune System Provide immunity to the body by protecting against disease Identify and kill pathogens and tumor cells

6. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/9069.htm Structures of the Immune System

7. Antigens are large molecules (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, and some non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles. The immune system recognizes antigens and produces antibodies that destroy substances containing antigens. Structures of the Immune System

8. Immunity – is your body’s ability to defend itself against invading foreign substances. Kinds of Immunity - passive immunity – children receive immunity from mother when born lasts 6-12 months - Acquired immunity – the body develops antibodies to antigens it has had contact with

9. Innate Immunity – the defenses the body is born with to help fight against antigens. These include: - coughing - sneezing - Enzymes in tears and eyes - mucous – to trap antigens before they enter the blood system - skin Structures of the Immune System

10. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. There are B and T type lymphocytes. B cells produce antibodies. Antibodies attach to a specific antigen and make it easier for the immune cells to destroy the antigen. T cells attack antigens directly and help control the immune response. They also release chemicals, known as cytokines, which control the entire immune response. Structures of the Immune System

11. All about Lymph Lymph originates as plasma When blood moves through capillaries, it slows enough that some of the plasma exits the vessel and becomes tissue fluid (intercellular fluid) As the fluid leaves the cells, it takes cellular waste products and protein cells

12. 90%of the intercellular fluid enters the venules once again known as plasma in the circulatory system. 10% that is left behind become lymph

13. Lymph Tissue http://www.lymphnotes.com/article.php/id/159 Lymphatic capillaries are like blood capillaries in that they are only one cell thick. They overlap in such a way that when pressure from the tissue pushes on the capillaries the fluid is able to enter, but not exit back into the tissue. They have valves to prevent back flow of fluid.

14. What happens with inflammation? When a body part is injured, the body begins a chain reaction to minimize damage Blood vessels constrict to minimize bleeding –But vessels dialate and cause white blood cells and antibodys to be released from the blood –Chemicals in the blood send a message for more blood and lymph to be sent to help fight infection.

15. Day of the accident

16. Three days post injury

17. Structures of the Immune System

18. Tonsils Lymphoid tissue located on either side of the throat Destroy harmful organisms that enter the body through the mouth

19. Lymph Nodes Filters or traps foreign particles Contain white blood cells Found throughout the body

20. Lymph Nodes 600-700 lymph nodes in the body Filter the lymph before it can be returned to circulatory system

21. Diseases and Disorders Immune System

22. HIV Affects T cells within the immune system. Attacks the RNA of the T cell, causing the T cell to alter its DNA structure to that of HIV. Causes the T cells to replicate and create more HIV When infected AIDS is the final stage of the HIV infection.

23. AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Contagious disease comprising the immune system Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Capable of becoming multi-drug resistant AIDS is the final stage of the HIV infection Average incubation period for AIDS development is 10 years from point of infection Characterized by “opportunistic infections” There is no cure!!

24. Lupus Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder affecting many organ systems Body’s defenses are turned against itself and immune cells attack healthy tissues

25. Mononucleosis Also known as the kissing disease Infectious inflammatory disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus Most commonly affects young adults between the ages of 15 and 25

26. Careers Microbiologist – research-oriented scientist Epidemiologist – identify and track diseases Ethicist – ethics in medicine or medical law and ethics in delivery of health care.

27. Microbiologist A microbiologist is a scientist who works in the field of biology. Microbiologists can be known under different names depending on the field of microbiology they specialize in. A medical microbiologist will specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of microbial diseases in patients. Salary:$40,000/yr Education: Bachelors degree in an area of specialty.

28. Epidemiologist Identify and track diseases as they occur in a group of people. Determine risk factors that make the disease more likely to occur and evaluate situations that may cause occupational exposure to toxic substances. Salary: $40,000 + Education: Minimum of bachelors degree, Masters degree is recommended.

29. Ethicist Offers guidance to patients, their familes, professional staff on ethical, legal and policy issues and concerns. Provides guidance to institutional ethics committees to follow policy and educational review activites. Salary: $70,000/yr Education: Masters or Doctorate related to health ethics and at least 5 years of experience in the field.