1. 1 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Special Topics in Computer Sciences Second Term 1433/1434 H Dr. Loai Bani Melhim

2. 2 IP Network Addressing INTERNET  world’s largest public data network, doubling in size every nine months IPv4, defines a 32-bit address - 2 32 (4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses available The first problem is concerned with the eventual depletion of the IP address space. Traditional model of classful addressing does not allow the address space to be used to its maximum potential.

3. 3 Classful Addressing When IP was first standardized in Sep 1981, each system attached to the IP based Internet had to be assigned a unique 32-bit address The 32-bit IP addressing scheme involves a two level addressing hierarchy Network Number/Prefix Host Number

4. 4 Internet Protocol (IP) What is Internet Protocol?  Internet Protocol is a set of technical rules that defines how computers communicate over a network.  Currently, There are two versions of IP IP version 4 (IPv4) IP version 6 (IPv6).

5. 5 Internet Protocol (IP) What is IPv4?  IPv4 was the first version of Internet Protocol to be widely used, and accounts for most of today’s Internet traffic.  There are just over 4 billion IPv4 addresses. While that is a lot of IP addresses, it is not enough to last forever.

6. 6 Internet Protocol (IP) What is IPv6?  IPv6 is a newer numbering system that provides a much larger address pool than IPv4. It was deployed in 1999 and should meet the world’s IP addressing needs well into the future.

7. 7 Internet Protocol (IP) What is the major difference?  The major difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is the number of IP addresses.  There are 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses.  while, there are 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 IPv6 addresses.

8. 8 Internet Protocol (IP) What is the major difference?  The technical functioning of the Internet remains the same with both versions and it is likely that both versions will continue to operate simultaneously on networks well into the future.  In the current time, networks that use IPv6 support both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses in their networks.

9. 9 Features of IPv6 Larger Address Space Aggregation-based address hierarchy – Efficient backbone routing Efficient and Extensible IP datagram Stateless Address Autoconfiguration Security (IPsec mandatory) Mobility

10. 10 128-bit IPv6 Address 3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234 8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “ : ” 3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234 :: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers Leading zeros can be removed

11. 11 IPv4 vs. IPv6

12. 12 IPv4 companion protocols (1) ARP: Address Resolution Protocol  Mapping from IP address to MAC address ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol  Error reporting & Query IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol  Multicast member join/leave Unicast Routing Protocols (Intra-AS)  Maintaining Unicast Routing Table  E.g. RIP, OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

13. 13 IPv4 companion protocols (2) Multicast Routing Protocols  Maintaining Multicast Routing Table  E.g. DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, PIM Exterior Routing Protocols (Inter-AS)  E.g. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) Quality-of-Service Frameworks  Integrated Service (ISA, IntServ)  Differentiated Service (DiffServ)

14. 14 Why IPv6? Deficiency of IPv4 Address space exhaustion New types of service  Integration  Multicast  Quality of Service  Security  Mobility (MIPv6) Header and format limitations

15. 15 Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4 Larger address space Better header format New options Allowance for extension Support for resource allocation Support for more security Support for mobility

16. 16 Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4 (1) FeatureIPv4IPv6 Source and destination address 32 bits128 bits IPSecOptionalrequired Payload ID for QoS in the header No identificationUsing Flow label field FragmentationBoth router and the sending hosts Only supported at the sending hosts Header checksum includedNot included Resolve IP address to a link layer address broadcast ARP request Multicast Neighbor Solicitation message

17. 17 Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4 (2) FeatureIPv4IPv6 Determine the address of the best default gateway ICMP Router Discovery(optional) ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement (required) Send traffic to all nodes on a subnet BroadcastLink-local scope all- nodes multicast address Configure addressManually or DHCPAutoconfiguration Manage local subnet group membership (IGMP)Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)