1. Cardiovascular System
Esraa kiwan

2. Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output: is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

3. Cardiac Output Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
CO = SV x HR
Stroke Volume: volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat or stroke
(averages 70 ml/beat)
Heart Rate: heart beats/min
(averages 70 beats/min)

4. CO= 70 ml/beat x 70 beats/min
Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume: volume of blood pumped per beat or stroke
(averages 70 ml/beat)
Heart Rate: heart beats/min
(averages 70 beats/min)
CO = SV x HR
CO= 70 ml/beat x 70 beats/min
= 4,900 ml/min ≈ 5 liters/min

5. Cardiac Output Resting cardiac output ≈ 5 L/min
During exercise cardiac output can increase to 20 to 25 L/min
Cardiac reserve: the difference between the cardiac output at rest and the maximum volume of blood the heart can pump per minute

6. Cardiac Output CO = SV x HR
Cardiac output depends on heart rate and the stroke volume
( cardiac output increases or decreases in response to changes in heart rate or stroke volume . i.e. when one of them increase it will increase the cardiac out put)
CO = SV x HR

7. The heart is innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic & parasympathetic), which can modify the rate & strength of contraction. (not initiation of contraction)

8. Autonomic Regulation of HR

10. Stroke Volume Control Two types of controls influences stroke volume:
Intrinsic control 
The extent of venous return
Extrinsic control 
The extent of sympathetic stimulation of the heart
Both factors increase stroke volume by increasing the strength of contraction of the heart

11. Stroke Volume Control Intrinsic control:
Intrinsic ability to regulate SV (output) in response to changes in venous return (input)

14. Stroke Volume Control

15. Stroke Volume Control Extrinsic control: (sympathetic nervous system)
Arterial muscle: increases contractility
Ventricular muscle: increases contractility
Adrenal medulla: increase epinephrine (augments the sympathetic actions on the heart)
Veins: increase venous return

16. Effect Of Sympathetic Stimulation On SV

17. Shift of the frank starling curve to the left by sympathetic stimulation

18. Cardiac Output Regulation

19. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against a vessel wall
Depends on:
Volume of blood contained within the vessel
Compliance or Distensability of the vessel wall

20. Blood Pressure
During each heartbeat, Blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure
Systolic pressure:
The maximum pressure exerted in the arteries when the blood is ejected into them during ventricular systole  averages 120 mmHg
Diastolic pressure:
The minimum pressure within the arteries occurs when the blood is draining off into the rest of vessels during ventricular diastole  averages 80 mmHg

21. Blood Pressure Measurement
Directly: inserting a needle (a canula) to blood vessel, which is linked to a device measure the blood pressure
Indirectly: through the use of a sphygmomanometer

22. Blood Pressure Measurement

24. Blood Pressure
Pulse pressure: is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (systolic – diastolic)
Blood pressure = 120/80
Pulse pressure  40 mmHg
Mean arterial pressure: is the average pressure responsible for driving blood forward
MAP= diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
= 80 + (1/3 * 40)
= 93 mmHg

25. Regulation of blood pressure
Blood pressure is regulated by controlling:
Cardiac output
Total peripheral resistance
Blood volume
Blood pressure= cardiac output X peripheral resistance
Cardiac output= HR X SV
Total peripheral resistance depends on the radius of all arterioles as well as blood viscosity
Resistance /r ( r: radius of the vessel)

26. Regulation of Blood Pressure
Cardiac output= HR X SV HR SV

28. Regulation Of Blood Pressure
Total peripheral resistance:

29. Regulation of Blood Pressure

30. Regulation of Blood Pressure
Baroreceptor:

31. Regulation of Blood Pressure
Baroreceptor:

32. Regulation of Blood Pressure
Baroreceptor:

33. Regulation of Blood Pressure
Blood volume: