1. Grammar notebook part five special structures Infinitives, participles, gerunds and gerundives, rhetorical techniques

2. Infinitives Present Active – 2 nd principal part of the verb – Usually ends with “re” – Translate as “to + verb” Present Passive – Begin with present active infinitive, remove “e” and add “i“ E.g. Amare = amari 3 rd conjugation (ere) remove “ere” add “i” – E.g. Ducere = duci – Basic translation: to be _______ed

3. Possible confusion with “re” “ere” can be substituted for “erunt” in the perfect active tense – amaverunt = amavere – If the “ere” is attached to the third principal part of a verb, it is not an infinitive. Remember that many third principal parts end with “u” or “v” or “s” or “x”; this will help you recognize this alternate form.

4. Perfect active Infinitives Start with the third principal part Remove the “i” Add “isse” – amavisse Translation : to have ________ most commonly used in indirect statements – Scivit se interfecisse suum amicum – He knew that he had killed his friend

5. Perfect active Infinitives Start with the third principal part Remove the “i” Add “isse” – amavisse Translation : to have ________ most commonly used in indirect statements – Scivit se interfecisse suum amicum – He knew that he had killed his friend

6. Perfect Passive Infinitives Begin with the 4 th principal part Remove the “us” or “um” whichever is there. – You will have to adjust this part to agree with whoever is receiving the action; most commonly it will be accusative because of the indirect statement – UM/OS MASCULINE – AM/AS FEMININIE – UM/A NEUTER Add “esse” as a separate part – amatam esse to have been loved Most commonly used in indirect statement – Scivit suum amicum interfectum esse a se. – He knew that his friend had been killed by him.

7. Future Active Infinitive Begin with the fourth principal part. Remove the “us” and add”ur”; you will have to adjust this part to agree with whoever is doing the action. It will usually be accusative because of the indirect statement. – UM/OS MASCULINE – AM/AS FEMININE – UM/A NEUTER Add “esse” as a separate part. – amaturam esse to be about to love Translation “to be about to_________”

8. Uses of the Infinitive Historical, subjective, objective, complementary, and the indirect statement

9. Historical infinitives usually used for a series of actions translated as an imperfect tense verb to show a continuous series example – Femina ambulare de via, viri mirari, omnes viri cadere in fossam. – The woman was walking down the street, the men were amazed, all the men fell into the ditch.

10. Infinitive Usage Complementary Infinitives – Completes the meaning of an incomplete verb – Most commonly used with Possum be able, can Volo, nolo, malo wish, don’t wish, prefer Cupiowish Debeoought, owe Coepibegin Necesse est it is necessary Et al.

11. Subjective Infinitives functions as the subject of the sentence grammatically treated as a neuter singular noun in English can be translated as a gerund or an infinitive Example – Errare est humanum. – To err is human.

12. Objective Infinitives functions like a direct object most commonly used with iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus treated like a neuter noun example – Iubeo disciplinos studere. – I order the students to study.

13. Complementary Infinitives complete the meaning of an incomplete verb most commonly used with a form of possum, debeo, paro, coepit, volo, nolo, cupio, incipio, necesse est, prohibeo and many other verbs that leave the reader hanging as to what is happening example Plinius poterat videre Montem Vesusium de suam villam. Pliny was able to see Mount Vesuvius from his home.

14. Example Necesse est audire Roberto. It is necessary for Robert to listen Potest audire Robertus. Robert is able to listen.

15. The Indirect Statement used to report a statement follows a verb of mental action such as saying, thinking, understanding, knowing, perceiving, et al. subject of the indirect statement will used the accusative verb of the indirect statement will be an infinitive example – Scio Caesarem mortuus esse. – I know that Caesar is dead.

16. The Infinitive of the Indirect Statement The choice of the tense of the infinitive is relative to the main verb – same time = present – before = perfect – after = future – The first part of the perfect passive and future active infinitive will be in the accusative and will agree with the accusative subject.

17. Examples scio eum stare in via. – I know he is standing in the road. same time Scio eum stetisse in via. – I know that he was standing in the road. before Scio eum staturum esse in via. – I know that he will stand in the road. after

18. Indirect Statement issues The subject cannot be left understood; the accusative noun must be there. If the subject of the indirect statement is the same as the main clause, you will use the reflexive pronoun. – example Caesar scivit se debere non ferre Cleopatram Romam. Caesar knew that he ought not to bring Cleopatra to Rome – debere is the indirect statemnent; ferre in complmentary, se is the subject accusative reflexive.

19. Infinitives Issue #2 A LATIN infinitive cannot ever be used to show purpose. To show purpose, you must use a subjunctive or a gerund/gerundive. – Example I went to the store to buy shoes. Ivi ad tabernam ut emerem soleas.

20. Participles What they are, what they do, and how you make and use them

21. What is a participle? Verbal adjective – A hybrid-type adjective built from a verb – As an adjective, it describes a noun or pronoun and must agree in gender, number, and case The captured slaves were going to the arena for the lions. Captured tells you which slaves and must agree with slaves in gender, number, and case. In this sentence it would be masculine, nominative plural. Capti servi ad arenam leonibus ibant.

22. Participles Definition continued As a verb, a participle retains the idea of an action. – Capti servi ad arenam leonibus ibant. – Multi servi ad arenam leonibus ibant. – Captured is something you can do as opposed to many. You cannot many.

23. Verbal qualities of Participles: Tense As a verb, a participle has tense. – Participles come in three tenses: Perfect, Present, and Future

24. Perfect tense Perfect happens before the main verb – The lions ate the captured slaves. – Leones captos servos consumpserunt. » The slaves had already been captured before the lions ate them.

25. Present tense Present happens at the same time as the main verb. The lions were chasing the fleeing slaves. Leones fugientes servos agitabant. The lions were chasing the slaves as they were fleeing

26. Future Tense Future happens after the main verb. – Intending to escape, the slave pushed his friend toward the lion. – Fugiturus servus amicum suum ad leonem propulit. » The slave pushed his friend to the lion as a distraction so that he could escape while the lion was munching on his friend.

27. Verbal Qualities of Participles: Voice As a verb, a participle has voice (active or passive). As a verb, the participle ( present and future) can take an object. – Intending to eat the slave, the lion attacked. – Consumpturus servum, leo oppugnavit. Servum is the object of consumpturus.

28. Present active – Present participles are active. The modified noun does the participle. The screaming slave ran from the lion. Clamans servus effugit e leone. – The slave is being described by clamans and he is the one doing the clamans.

29. Perfect Passive participles – Perfect participles are passive. The modified noun receives the participle and is frequently accompanied by an ablative of personal agent or an ablative of means. The slave having been attacked by the lion screamed loudly. Servus oppugnatus a leone vehementer clamavit. – The slave is being described by oppugnatus but the lion is actually doing the oppugnatus.

30. Future active – Future participles are active. The modified noun does the participle. The lion intending to eat the slave attacked ferociously. Leo comsumpturus servum ferociter petivit. – The lion is being described by consumpturus and in the near future will be doing consumpturus.

31. Perfect active participles Only exists for deponent verbs Will look like a perfect passive but will translate actively – Will not be used with ablative of personal agent or means – Examples Ingressus arenam, leo Christianum consumpsit. Having entered the arena, the lion ate the Christian.

32. Voice practice Choose one of the verbs from the first list and write an English sentence for each participle: – Present active – Perfect passive – Future active

33. Verbal qualities of participles: objects As a verb, the participle ( present and future) can take an object. – Intending to eat the slave, the lion attacked. – Consumpturus servum, leo oppugnavit. » Servum is the object of consumpturus. » Consumpturus modifies leo and agree with leo.

34. Forming participles Present active Perfect passive Perfect active Future active

35. Present Active Participles Begin with the infinitive – Remove RE for most verbs – Add NS, NTIS for the nominative singular and genitive singular – Decline as 3 rd declension adjective except ablative singular can be I or E – Base =genitive singular minus is Translation : ----ing, while ----ling

36. Present active participle sample Masculine and feminine – NSNTES – NTISNTIUM – NTINTIBUS – NTEMNTES – NTINTIBUS NTE Loving, while loving Neuter – NSNTIA – NTISNTIUM – NTINTIBUS – NSNTIA – NTINTIBUS NTE Loving, while loving

37. PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE Already made for you Fourth principal part of the verb – Amo, amare, amavi, amatus Base = fourth principal part minus us Decline using first and second declension endings Masculine second declension Feminine first declension Neuter second declension neuter TRANSLATION: HAVING BEEN ___ED, _____ED, AFTER BEING _____ED

38. Perfect passive participle sample singular Masculinefeminineneuter Amatusamataamatum Amatiamataeamati Amatoamataeamato Amatumamatamamatum Amatoamataamato – Having been loved, loved, after being loved

39. Perfect passive participle sample plural Masculinefeminineneuter Amatiamataeamata Amatorumamatarumamatorum Amatisamatisamatis Amatosamatasamatis Amatisamatisamatis

40. Perfect active participle Formation Already made for you Only for deponent verbs Third principal part of the deponent verbs Base = third principal part minus us – Sequor, sequi, secutus sum = secut – Decline like perfect passive, just translate actively Having followed secutus TRANSLATION: HAVING -----ED, AFTER _____ING

41. Future active participle formation Begin with the perfect passive participle or 4 th principal part ( Use the third principal part for a deponent) Remove us Add ur Add first declension for feminine, 2 nd masculine for masculine, 2 nd neuter for neuter

42. FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION: ABOUT TO _____, INTENDING TO ______, GOING TO _____

43. FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE MASCULINE SINGULAR AMATURUS AMATURI AMATURO AMATURUM AMATURO PLURAL AMATURI AMATURORUM AMATURIS AMATUROS AMATURIS

44. FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE FEMININE SINGULAR AMATURA AMATURAE AMATURAM AMATURA PLURAL AMATURAE AMATURARUM AMATURIS AMATURAS AMATURIS

45. FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE NEUTER SINGULAR AMATURUM AMATURI AMATURO AMATURUM AMATURO PLURAL AMATURA AMATURORUM AMATURIS AMATURA AMATURIS

46. Using participles: tenses The tense of the participle is relative to the main verb: Same time present After future Before perfect Examples – Milites perdentes urbem vincerunt proelium. – Milites reliquerunt urbem perditam a militibus. – Milites oppugnaverunt perdituri urbem.

47. Using participles Participles work like any adjective, just a little bit fancier. However, under all circumstances, they like any adjective must agree with the modified noun in gender, number, and case The endings will not always match because of declensional differences, but the agreement must always be gender, number, and case

48. GERUNDS VERBAL NOUNS I LOVE TEACHING AMO DOCENDUM

49. BASE – INFINITIVE MINUS RE FOR ARE, *ERE, ERE VERBS – INFINITIVE MINUS ERE/IRE PLUS IE FOR IO/ERE AND IRE VERBS – SAMPLES AMARE = AMA DOCERE = DOCE DUCERE = DUCE CAPIO, CAPERE = CAPIE SCIRE = SCIE FORMATIONS OF GERUNDS

50. Add ND plus Second Declension Neuter endings – No nominative form Use a subjective infinitive – Always singular, always neuter – Recognize a gerund by the nd FORMATION

51. Nominativedocere Genitivedocendi Dativedocendo Accusativedocendum Ablativedocendo Example of gerund

52. Most case usages except nominative are the same as an other noun but there are special uses as well With CAUSA or GRATIA (Ablative) and a GENITIVE GERUND to show FOR THE SAKE OF – I come to school for the sake of teaching. – Venio ad ludum causa* docendi. Usage of gerunds

53. Genitive with special adjectives – Mrs. Eagle was desirous of teaching. – Matrona Aquila erat cupida docendi With dative for indirect objects – Mrs. Eagle gives much time to teaching – Matrona Aquila dat multum tempus docendo. Usage of gerunds

54. With dative and special adjectives – Mrs. Eagle is suitable for teaching – Matrona Aquila est idonea docendo. With AD and the accusative to show purpose – Matrona Aquila was hired to teach. – Matrona Aquila conducta est ad docendum. With the ablative in prepositional phrases with DE, E, EX, and IN – Can be used with other prepositions – Mrs. Eagle made plans concerning teaching – Matrona Aquila consilia fecit de docendo. Usage of Gerunds

55. Avidus, -a,-umgreedy for Conscius. –a, -umconscious of Cupidus, -a, -um desirous of Expers, expertiswithout, lacking Memor, memorismindful of Immemor, immemoris forgetful of Nescius, -a, -umnot knowing, ignorant of Peritus, -a, -umexpert in, experienced in Plenus, -a, -umfull of Studious, -a,-umeager for Similis, similelike, similar Dissimilis, dissimile unlike, dissimilar Special Adjectives with genitive

56. Idoneus, -a, -umsuitable for Similis, similesimlar to Dissimilis, disimileunlike Dignus, -a, -umworthy Fidelis, fidelefaithful to Amicus, -a,-umfriendly to Carus, -a, -umdear to Iucundus, -a, -umpleasing to Par, parisequal to Proximus, -,a, -umclosest to Special adjectives of with dative

57. Without a preposition and in the ablative to shows ablative of means – Mrs. Eagle will make much money by teaching. – Matrona Aquila comparabit multas pecunias docendo. For the most part, anything you can do with a normal noun, you can do with a gerund except use it as a subject or predicate nominative. Usage of gerunds

58. A GERUNDIVE is an ADJECTIVE; it has the full adjective declension Use first and second declension endings The gerundive does have NOMINATIVE forms The base is the same as a gerund – For are, *ere, ere verbs = infinitive minus re plus nd – For io,ere and ire verbs, infinitive minus ere/ire plus iend Gerundives

59. Singular Masculinefeminineneuter docendusdocenda docendum docendidocendae docendi docendodocendae docendo docendumdocendam docendum docendodocenda* docendo example

60. Masculinefeminineneuter Docendidocendaedocenda Docendorumdocendarumdocendorum Docendisdocendisdocendis Docendosdocendasdocenda Docendisdocendisdocendis Example plural

61. Basically a gerundive is simply a gerund with an object. Put both the gerundive and the object in the case required for the gerund, then use the gender and number of the object to choose the correct gerundive. (This is easier than it sounds) Usage

62. Genitive – Mrs. Eagle comes to school for the sake of teaching students. – Matrona Aquila venit ad ludum discipilorum docendorum causa. Dative – Mrs. Eagle gives much time to teaching students, – Matrona Aquilaa dat multum tempus discipulis docendis Examples

63. Accusative – Mrs. Eagle was hired to teach Latin. – Matrona Aquila conducta est ad docendam Latinam Ablative – Mrs. Eagle is pleased by teaching students. – Matrona Aquila delectatur docendis discipulis. Anything you can do with a gerund can also be done with a gerundive; you just have to make it agree with its object More examples

64. Gerundives also are used in a special construction called the passive periphrastic. The Passive Periphrastic shows obligation or necessity. It is translate with the English word must. The person obligated goes in the dative. The gerundive goes in the nominative. The verb is some form of sum. It can also be used in an indirect statement in the accusative with esse. Passive Periphrastic

65. The students must be taught by Mrs. Eagle Discipuli docendi sunt Matronae Aquilae Claudia said that the students must be taught by Mrs. Eagle Claudia dixit discipulos docendos esse Matronae Aquilae. Examples

66. Rhetorical Techniques Alliteration: repetition of the initial sound of a word for emphasis – Porcum parvulum portat. – He ports a petite pig. Anaphora: repetition of a word for rhetorical effect – Tenet rectum cursum recta gubernaculo Asyndeton: omission of conjunctions in a list to emphasis the size of the list concursabant servi milites viri pueri mulieres Slaves, soldiers, men, boys, women were running around.

67. Polysyndeton: inclusion of extra conjunctions to emphasize a list – Emi vinum et porcum et mala et piros. – I bought wine and pork and apples and pears. Historical present: switch from past tense to present tense to make the reader feel like the action is more immediate and compelling