1. Revision Session 5 Extending our understanding of a global citizen’s rights & responsibilities

2. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens?

3. Sustainable development is about improving the quality of life for ALL people now but in such a way that it protects the planet for. the future Developed countries represent only 25% of the world’s population BUT we use 80% of the world’s energy supplies! It doesn’t take an genius to work out that if developed countries used as much energy as MEDCs we would have a much bigger environmental problem that we already have!!

4. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens? ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Environmental damage is a global problem and we all have a responsibility to act. Greenhouse Effect Acid Rain Global Warming Climate Change Destruction of habitats Man-made & natural disasters All of the above affect the planet in some way. Pressure groups such as Greenpeace, WWF and Friends of the Earth try to raise awareness by organising protests, marches, petitions and lobbying MPs to try to bring about change at local, national & global levels

5. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens? Can we make a difference? How? LOCAL AGENDA 21 This is a local version of an international agreement. Local authorities have a duty to put in place schemes to promote sustainability. These include recycling, cycle lanes, traffic calming, reducing energy use, & pollution

6. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens? AGENDA 21 Agenda 21 is an international agreement made in 1992 between 179 countries and it is still considered relevant today. Since it’s implementation communities & businesses & governments in a large number of countries have taken a wide range of actions to ensure sustainable development In the UK the Government must ensure that all it’s actions are as environmentally friendly as possible but sometimes there are problems…………… Costs to the public Raising tax on fuel to discourage people using cars by making it more expensive to drive were very unpopular & eventually after protest the Government had to back down. Uncertainty The Government wants car manufacturers to produce many more fuel efficient cars but they are expensive for people to buy & until manufacturers can guarantee good sales they are reluctant to invest more. Persuasion takes a long time It takes a long time to change behaviours. People are often unlikely to consider the benefits to the planet in the longer term as being something that will affect them directly.

7. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens? What do government departments do to promote sustainable development Dept for Communities & Local Government Make public spaces cleaner, greener Promote sustainable development in the design & construction of buildings using environmentally friendly materials & reduce waste Dept. of Culture, Media & Sport Support exhibitions on sustainable development Improve public open spaces Dept of Transport Reduce aircraft emissions Encourage development of cleaner cars and cleaner fuels Encourage use of car share schemes Promote park & ride schemes Dept for Environment, Food & rural Affairs Provide international leadership on climate change Promote energy efficiency Develop sustainable food, farming & fishing policies

8. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens? What is done globally to promote sustainable development? Agenda 21 Targets set to reduce CO2 emissions & action on other issues such as:- Reducing wasteful natural resources Fighting poverty Protecting the oceans, atmosphere, flora & fauna Promotion of sustainable agriculture to feed the world Further summit meeting have followed at which the world’s governments have reinforced their commitments to promote sustainable development. The United Nations Climate Change Conferences are yearly conferences.

9. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens? What are the main barriers to change to implement the recommendations for change in LEDC countries? LEDC countries say…. We must be allowed to industrialise to help our people escape from poverty. We do not think it is fair that developed countries ask us to restrict this. MEDC countries say….. We have problems persuading our citizens to reduce energy use. It will be harder to persuade them to reduce their living standards of living so that people in LEDCs can have a fairer share of the Earth’s resources.

10. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens? What is this logo and what does it represent? Fair Trade gives power to small producers it allows local producers in poorer countries to get a decent price for their goods. It allows the farmers to invest locally in schools, hospitals etc. It also tries to make sure that workers are treated well and that they are paid fair wages. It also states that production is done in an environmentally friendly way.

11. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens? How can MEDCs help LEDCs? Poverty in LEDCs leads to problems of disease and unrest across the world. 25% of people are too poor to have a proper diet, healthcare & education. Many of these people will try to seek asylum in wealthier countries. Many MEDC countries offer support to poorer nations in the form of aid. Overseas aid can be sent by governments, businesses, charities or individuals who can volunteer through a charity called Voluntary Service Overseas. Sending of aid can at times be controversial with people who may feel that charity begins at home. Often if the media reports stories such as India being able to afford a space program whilst receiving £250 million in aid from the UK it causes a backlash against sending aid. But looking at the images of starving children in Sub-Saharan Africa shows a clear need to act. Telegraph 2013- “How can India afford a space programme? Why does Britain still send aid to India when it spends it on the space race” Independent Newspaper- 2015“ Two million East African infants are now starving “

12. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens? Table 1. ADVANTAGES OF MEDCs SUPPORTING LEDCs Benefits to the country receiving aidBenefits to the country giving aid People helped to survive when emergency aid is sent Richer nations could receive aid in the future from countries they help. This could be military assistance of new business links Aid meets basic needs food, water, shelter, clothing & prevents people becoming refugees Governments receiving aid are more likely to encourage businesses in their country to trade with countries that have helped them. Aid helps deal with disease & help with education to prevent spread eg Ebola outbreak Giving aid in their own county helps prevent emigration to richer countries Aid in form of machinery, equipment, education & advice helps countries generate wealth become more self- reliant & supports economic growth in LEDCs Countries that give aid send machinery & equipment made in their own country. This helps support businesses & create jobs.

13. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens? Can you evaluate (say what is good & bad) about how effective the different types of overseas aid are?

14. Think back to your Year 9 controlled assessment ….. What does the term sustainable development mean & why is it important to us as global citizens? Type & description of aidEvaluation Humanitarian aid: Sent in quickly in response to an emergency to save lives. A good response in short term. BUT if people become too reliant it can be negative. Eg when hundreds of tons of wheat were sent to Ethiopia it drove many Ethiopian millet farmers out of business causing longer term reliance. Development aid: Designed to fund long term projects to help people improve quality of life Helping people to build on their own skills will improve things longer term. Eg “Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish & give him the equipment & you feed him for a lifetime”. Bilateral aid: Given by the government of one country directly to another Can be quick & effective but equipment & machinery is often sent & this may not be exactly what the LEDC country needs. Bilateral aid is usually sent to the LEDC government to decide how best to use it. Multilateral aid: Given from a fund to which several richer countries contribute eg World Bank, EU More likely to meet needs of LEDCs, less likely to promote interests of country giving aid. Normally aimed at longer term projects. Aid from Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs): Charities - OXFAM, Save the Children Charities normally find out in advance exactly what is needed & use local organisations to target particular groups or communities.