2. Welcome to my class!

3. 1 、直接信息题 (questions of details) 2 、猜测词义题 (words in context) 3 、推理判断题 (questions of inference) 4 、主旨归纳题 (main idea)

4. questions of inference

5. 1. We can infer( 推断） from the passage that _. 2.The story suggests( 暗示） that _______. 3.We can conclude( 得出结论） from the passage that ____. 4.Which of the following might / probably happened later ? 5.From the passage we can tell / learn ______. 6.The writer of the passage considers it _______. 7. Which of the following indicates / implies____? Question forms: Key point : 意思要靠推断得出，而不是从原文照 搬

6. Steps: 1. Study the questions & understand them. 2. Find out key words or sentences according to them & analyse them carefully. 3. Delete the impossible choices if necessary. 4. Judge the remaining choices & make a choice that you think is the best.

7. 1. Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called "the deathwatch beetle." The sound of this beetle ________. A. pleased people. B. surprised people. C. frightened people. D. excited people. Practice:

8. 2. It is said that people should take a lesson from the clock. The clock passes the time by keeping its hands busy. People who do what the clock does also pass the time by keeping their hands busy and not by sleeping the time away. You can tell that busy people:______ A. act like clocks. B. sleep the time away. C. don't do what clocks do. D. don't have hands.

9. 3. It is fun to turn over a big rock on the beach. Make sure you turn the rock back to the position it was in after you moved it. If you don’t turn it back over, all the sea animals under it or clinging to （依附） the underside will die. You can tell that rocks ________. A. hurt sea animals B. protect sea animals C. won’t be found on beaches D. can’t be found on beaches

10. Steps: 1. Study the questions & understand them. 2. Find out key words or sentences according to them & analyse them carefully. 3. Delete the impossible choices if necessary. 4. Judge the remaining choices & make a choice that you think is the best.

11. How to get the main idea?

12. Characteristics of this kind of questions: 1. 该观点是作者的观点（不是他人的观点， 不是描写、说明，也不是事实）。 2. 该观点可能是作者提倡的，也可能是作者对 他人价值观批驳。 3. 作者的观点只能有一个，其他的内容都起 说明、论证作用。 4. 主旨句具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性的特点。 5. 常常结构复杂（命题者有意安排所致）。

13. Question forms: Two types: main idea, topic / title 1.The subject of the passage is ____. 2.The main idea is _____. 5.The title is _____. 3.The passage mainly talks about _____. 4.What topic is treated in this passage? 9.The point of the passage is that _____. 8.What’s the topic of the first paragraph? 6.The best headline for the passage would be ____. 7.Which title best gives the idea of the passage? 10.What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?

14. 1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.

15. 2 Often no one looks more guilty than t he innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance

16. 3 If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only ＄ 79. Two days sale. Hu- -rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄ 395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _________. A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D. TV On Sale This sales method is called “bait and switch”. (detail)

17. 4 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. The main idea of this paragraph is that ______. A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university. B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College. C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university. D. Tom received an excellent education. detail

18. Types Of Paragraph Structures typeThe position of the topicInformation words At the beginning At the end In the middle No clear topic sentence for example…… so, therefore,……

19. Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills( 读写能力 ). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence ( 自信心 ), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the children’s department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the children’s department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager. Example and success of the program

20. How to get the main idea of a passage?

21. Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills( 读写能力 ). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence ( 自信心 ), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the children’s department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the children’s department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager. Example and success of the program 59. What is mainly discussed in the text? A. Children’s reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs. C. Service in a public library. D. A special reading program.

22. details Paragraph ideas Passage idea

23. 6 Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died. Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.

24. Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan’s voyage was the first trip around the world.

25. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died. 1. time 2. ships and people 3. route 4. Sufferings and difficulties a. Lack of food and freshwater b. Hunger and diseases c. Deaths The process of Magellan’s long difficult voyage 5. success

26. Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. Magellan’s voyaged proved the earth is round.

27. Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Goed Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.  Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. Paragraph 1: Magellan’s voyage was the first trip around the world. Paragraph 2: The process of Magellan’s long difficult voyage Paragraph 3: Magellan’s voyaged proved the earth is round. Magellan’s voyage

28. 6 Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died. Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage? A. Magellan’s death B. Going Around The World C. The World Is Round D. Magellan’s Voyage (too narrow) (too broad) (proper)

29. How to get the meaning of some words or phrases?

30. 从考查内容看，主要是猜测某个生词、熟词、 短语或句子的意思以及猜测代词的指代。 解题技巧：利用（各种已知信息） 推测、判断某些生词的词义。 1.Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word…? 2.The word … could best be replaced by… 3.In the … paragraph, the word… means (refers to )… 4.According to the passage,… probably means… 5.The author uses the word… to mean… Question forms:

31. Provide incentive. Tell your children the importance of saving. “For every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend, you agree to add another dollar to the pot,” says Cathy Pareto, expert in money planning. The underlined word “incentive” in this paragraph means ______. A.Honor B. praise C. excitement D. encouragement

32. Members of the working class have blue-collar jobs. They are construction workers, truck drivers, mechanics, steel workers, electricians, and the like. What makes this class differ from the lower class is, first, longer periods of employment – and therefore, more fixed incomes – and, second, employment in skilled or semi-skilled occupations, not unskilled ones. Although unemployment hits all levels of the American economy, including those of skilled and semi-skilled workers, it is most common at the bottom of the class structure and increasingly less common at each level upward. They consider themselves to be respectable and hard-working and they look down upon members of the “lower” class, whom they often consider to be lazy, dishonest, and too ready to exploit public assistance. The underlined word “hit” roughly means “_____”. A. strike with a blow B. have had effects on C. break up D. beat.

33. When I first became a reporter I knew a man who gave up a very well paid respectable job at the Daily Telegraph to go and edit a small weekly newspaper. At the time I was astonished by what appeared to me to be his completely abnormal mental state. How could anyone turn his back on Fleet Street in central London for a small local area? I wanted to know. The underlined phrase “turn his back on” most probably means _____. A. leave for B. return to C. give up D. rely on

34. Sam Stover, a search team manager with the Federal Emergency Management Agency based in Indiana, said snake-type robots would offer greater mobility than equipment currently available, such as cameras attached to extendable poles. “It just allows us to do something we’ve been able to do before,” Stover said. “We needed them yesterday.” By saying “We needed them yesterday.”, Stover means that snake-like robots _____. A. Could help handle the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina B. Would have been put to use in past rescue work C. Helped rescuers search flooded houses yesterday D. Were in greater need yesterday than today

35. Variety of activity was also seen as a way of maintaining or increasing motivation. Several years ago we had one timetable that operated throughout, but we soon found that both the students and the teachers lost interest by about halfway through the ten weeks. This led us to a major re-think, so finally we brought it into line with the expressed language needs of the students. The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to “____”. A. re-think B. activity C. motivation D. timetable

36. Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” They underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means _____. A. value B. result C. performance D. connection 阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生、 转化或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义 很有帮助。

37. Eye for an eye William Ian Miller Analyzing the law of the talion --- an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth --- William Ian Miller presents an original thinking over the concept of “pay back”. William Ian Miller has written a marvelous book that found absolutely attractive. They word “talion” in introducing the book Eye for an Eye is probably a concept of ____. A. Medicine B. trade C. avenging D. striving 在出现生词的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的 词或短语，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。有 时在词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or ，这些词或短语 在句中相同的成分，并且 and 或 or 连接的两项内容在含 义上是接近的或递进的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个 生词所属的义域甚至推出它的大概词义。

38. The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a god came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are -- - trying to lick me to death.” Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph? A. Messy and untidy. B. Rich and expensive. C. Comfortable and calming D. Foreign and unusual. 对比是描述、说明事物的常用方式。对比的 事物是互为相反的，因此可根据反义或对比 关系从已知推出未知。

39. Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. When resting in the shade, they are also watching the sky to see what is flying by, and even in the heat of the day they will suddenly start up and run a mile across the plains to find out what is going on. If another animal has make a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves. A grown lion can easily eat 60 pounds of meat at a single feeding. Often they eat until it seems painful for them to lie down. By describing lions as “opportunists” in the first paragraph, the author means to say that lions ____. A. are cruel animals B. are clever animals C. Like to take advantage of other animals D. Like to take every chance to eat 利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻 辑的综合分析进而推测词义，这是阅读过 程中的一大关键，也是近年来高考考查的 热点。

40. The coyote, originally lived in the middle of the continent. One of its most obvious characters is its smartness, which has make the animal a notorious pest. Hunters trapped, shot and poisoned more than a million coyotes in the 1900s. It’s still one of America’s most hunted animals. Yet the coyote has survived. How has the coyote shown this extraordinary ability? “I guess if you wanted to use one word, it’d be ‘plasticity’,” says Eric Gese, an expert at Utah State University. Coyotes can live alone in pairs, or in large packs like wolves; hunt at night or during the day; occupy a small region or an area up to 40 square miles, and live on all sorts of food, from lizards and shoes, to ants and melons. The underlined word “plasticity” in paragraph 2 refers to ___. A. the ability to fit the envionment B. notorious smartness C. hunting ability D. being human-tolerant 有些文章，特别是科普类文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义 来猜测这些词的意思。如果生词由一个句子（宝语从句、同位语或是同位语从句， 同位语或其从句前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say 等）或段落来定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容和引号、括号中的内 容加以解释和定义， 那么理解 这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的 谓语动词为 be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。

41. Instantly, we were busily preparing for the worst. The whole family had experienced such a storm before and everyone remembered the damage it had caused to stock and crops. There was very little we could do about the crops. But we needed to protect the animals in case the river flooded again. My older brother called his sheep-dog and began driving our small flock of sheep to higher ground above the river. If the river flooded. They should be safe there. The underlined word “stock” in this paragraph refers to ____. A. money owned by the family B. goods for sale C. supplies for family use D. farm animals 为了强调某个观点或把某事叙述得更明白，作者有时运用不同语句来复述同一 个概念，这时可以利用复述的部分或同等关系来猜测词义。复述的部分可以是 词、短语或是从句。同等关系是指一个词、一个短语在句中作同一成分，而且 它们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同 等关系中生词的词性和大概的意思。

42. I took off, but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered wheat I should do. A car pulled up behind me. It was the couple I had spoken to at the gas station. They said they would take me to my friend’s. we chatted on the way into the city, and when I got out of the car, the husband gave me his business card. The underlined words “took off” means ______. A. turned off B. moved off C. put off D. set up 有时作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示转折意思 的连词、副词或短语。如 though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another 等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测 词义。