2. Europe in the Middle Ages (The High Middle Ages) 1000-1500

3. Section 1. Peasants, Trade and Cities

4. Agricultural Revolution

5. After AD 1000 Climate improved

6. Horses replace oxen New horsecollar, shoes Faster than oxen New horsecollar, shoes Faster than oxen

7. Heavier Plow 24

8. Shift from two to three field system (about 800)

9. More land cleared and drained

10. Result: more land cultivated, more food, better diet Population explosion!

11. Manors 25

12. Typical Medieval Manor 19

13. 1. Basic economic unit of the Middle Ages1. Basic economic unit of the Middle Ages 2. Everything owned by the lord (mills, ovens, churches etc.)2. Everything owned by the lord (mills, ovens, churches etc.)

14. 3. Self-contained community 16

15. 4. Serfs (60% of Europe by 800) and Peasants paid for use of land with service and percentage of crops

16. Peasant Life

18. June 43

19. Fall 43

20. Winter 43

21. At least 50 Religious holidays

22. Fool’s Day 43

23. Execution Day 43

24. Massacre of the Innocents 43

25. Diet usually adequate –Lots of bread –Little Meat –LOTS of beer and wine (monks got 3 gallons of ale per day)

26. Peasant Dance 2

27. Trade and Finance Expanded

28. People went to towns to trade

29. Fairs broke down independence –Great Fairs in Cathedral towns –Local Fairs in small towns Fairs broke down independence –Great Fairs in Cathedral towns –Local Fairs in small towns

30. Manors were no longer self-reliant

31. Montagnana, Italy 45 Towns Grew

32. 1. Increased population 2. Serfs fled manors 3. Fair and Pilgrim centers 1. Increased population 2. Serfs fled manors 3. Fair and Pilgrim centers

33. Carcassonne, France 4. Usually walled for defense

34. Medieval Town, France 9

35. Rothenburg, Germany

40. Townhouse 9

41. Period of great innovation

42. Waterwheels and Windmills 24

43. Medieval Trade 28

44. http://encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex/20/MediaMax.asp?pg=3&ti=761559716&idx=461547227 The Hanseatic League

45. Powerful trading league of German cities controlled trade in Northern Europe

46. Hansa Houses in Germany 4

47. Italian city-states controlled trade in the Mediterranean

48. Venice Florence

49. Venice

50. Dyer’s Guild 4 Guilds

51. 1. Regulated price, wage and quality of an occupation

52. 2. Apprentice system 5-9 yrs. Apprentice--paid to do the dirty work Journeyman-worked for wages 5-9 yrs. Apprentice--paid to do the dirty work Journeyman-worked for wages

53. Master could establish his own business Masterpiece=Sample of best work

54. Financial revolution 1. Business required money, loans 2. Usury (loaning for a profit) forbidden by Church 1. Business required money, loans 2. Usury (loaning for a profit) forbidden by Church

55. 3. Only Jews could be bankers (later, changed)

56. Urban life reborn

57. Unregulated growth of towns=filth and lack of services

58. Medieval Sanitation 9

59. Towns bring a new social order 1. Serfs could be free if they lived in a town for 1 year

60. 2. Town Charter: burghers, bourgeoisie (townspeople) bought freedom from lords for $

61. 3. Townspeople formed a new class: The Middle Class

62. Digression: Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages

63. Roman Law Evidence, burden of proof, face one’s accuser, Same law for all Torture to obtain a confession Evidence, burden of proof, face one’s accuser, Same law for all Torture to obtain a confession

64. Germanic Tradition No Torture. Instead… No Torture. Instead…

65. Trial by Ordeal Hot water, cold water Hot irons, hot coals Champions Hot water, cold water Hot irons, hot coals Champions

66. Torture chamber at Rothenburg

67. Punishment Stocks, Masks Flogging, bastinado Branding Amputation Hanging, Beheading Stocks, Masks Flogging, bastinado Branding Amputation Hanging, Beheading

68. Mask worn by a “nag” 44

69. The Baker’s Chair

70. The Inquisition reintroduced torture

71. Showing the instruments Thumb screws The Horse, The Hot Seat Stretching on the rack, hanging by the arms Showing the instruments Thumb screws The Horse, The Hot Seat Stretching on the rack, hanging by the arms

72. Judas Cradle

73. The Rack

74. The Iron Maiden

75. Capital Punishment

76. Beheading The Cage Drawing and Quartering Beheading The Cage Drawing and Quartering

77. The Wheel

78. Breaking on the Wheel