1. Topic 3 Nonverbal communication: The message of action, space, time and silence By Weiwei Li

2. Many of our nonverbal actions are touched and altered by culture.

3. In Turkey, touching one’s ear is protection against the evil eye. In southern Italy, it denotes jeering at effeminacy In India, a sign of repentance or sincerity

4. In most Middle and Far Eastern countries, pointing with the index finger is considered impolite. In the UK, pointing only with middle finger is extremely rude.

5. In USA, crossing one’s leg is often a sign of being relaxed In China, it is rude to cross leg when talking with seniors

6. Arab men often greet by kissing on both cheeks. In Japan, men greet by bowing In China, men greet by nodding heads In USA, people shake hands

7. The Importance of Nonverbal Communication We make important judgements and decisions about other based on their nonverbal behavior. We use the actions of others to learn about their emotional states.

8. Defining nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of environment that have potential message value for the source or reciever.

9. Nonverbal messages may be both intentional and unintentional.

10. Functions of nonverbal communication 1 repeating 2 complementing 3 substituting 4 regulating 5 contradicting

11. Repeating The new library is south of that building. (we might point in a certain direction after we have just said.)

12. Complementing Adds more information to messages. Physical contact places another layer of meaning on what is being said.

13. When you tell someone that you are pleased with his or her performance, but this message takes on extra meaning if you pat the person the person on the shoulder at the same time.

14. Substituting When we perform some action instead of speaking If you see a very special friend, you are apt to enlarge the size of your smile.

15. Regulating Regulate and manage communication by using some form of nonverbal behavior.

16. We nod our head in agreement to indicate to our communication partner that we agree and that he or she should continue talking.

17. Contradicting On some occasions, our nonverbal actions send signals opposite from the literal meanings contained in our verbal messages.

18. You tell someone you are relaxed and at ease, yet your voice quavers and your hands shake.

19. If a group of people is too noisy, you might place your index finger to your lips as an alternative to saying “Please calm down so that I can speak.”

20. Nonverbal communication and culture Body behavior: general appearance and dress People communicate with and response to and make judgements based on personal appearance, dress, and the objects we carry around or place on our bodies.

21. Even young children select attractive friends over less attravtive ones. Face painting Lipstick and makeup Tall, slender female Diminutive female image in Japan

22. Clothing—how much, how little, and what kind—is also a reflection of a culture’s value orientation

23. Arabs: muslim girls-wear scarves (business man—a long loose robe, a white cloth) Filipinos: values relating to status and authority are the root of their need to dress correctly. German culture: appropriate and very conservative dress(dark suit and tie with a plain shirt and dark shoes and socks.)

24. In Spain: link appearance to one’s rank— people of high status wear a suit and tie in very hot weather. In Japan:national collectivism and concomitantly—consercative dress styles and colors.

25. Each culture teaches its memebers about what is appropriate. Eg: clothing provides not only a functional purpose, but also a costume.

26. the male-dominated culture has encouraged women to wear clothing that restricts their movements, limits their activities and produces an image of submissivenes and frailty.

27. Body movement Visible body shifts and movements can send messages 1 our attitude toward the other person 2 our emotional state 3 our desire to control our environment

28. Posture Posture and sitting habits offer insight into a culture’s deep structure.

29. In Japan: low posture is an indicator of respect(bowing) In Thailand: press both hands close together in front of one’s body,

30. In USA, being casual and friendly is valued(people often fall into chairs or slouch when they stand.) In Germany and Sweden, lifestyles tend to be more formal(a sign of rudeness and poor manners)

31. In Turkey, putting one’s hand in one’s pockets is a sign of disrespect. In Arab, use a very direct body orientation In Chinese, normally carry out their business in a less direct stance.

32. Gestures The slightest variation in performing a certain gesture can be the catalyst for a violent confrontation.

33. Act of pointing In USA-index finger In Germany—little finger In Japan—entire hand, palms up In Asia—index finger is rude

34. Facial expressions Cultural norms often dicate how, when and to whom facial expression are displayed Smile is emotional display that is rooted in one’s culture.

35. Eye contact and gaze Eyes serve six important communication functions

36. 1 indicate degrees of attentiveness, interest, and arousal 2 influence attitude change and persuasion 3 regulate interaction.

37. 4 communicate emotions 5 define power and status relationships 6 assume a central role in impression management

38. Touch As we move from infancy into childhood, we learn the rules of touching.

39. Paralanguage Arabs speak very loudly-connotes strength and sincerity Israelis increase volume reflects strong beliefs toward the issue under discussion.

40. Germans conduct with a commanding tone that projects authority and self- confidence. Thai people: a loud voice is perceived as being impolite. In Japan, raising one’s voice often implies a lack of control.

41. Noise Laughing and giggling Accents and dialects

42. Space and distance Personal space --when our space is invaded, our response is a manifestation not only of our unique personality, but also our cultural background. Individualism and collectivism

43. Seating In USA, when in groups, tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them

44. leaders usually are accustomed to being somewhat removed physically from the rest of the group and consequently hoose chairs at the end of the table.

45. Furniture arrangement

46. Time 1 Informal time 2 Perceptions of past, present, and future 3 Hall’s monochronic and polychronic classifications

47. Informal time How late is “late”? Our reaction to punctuality is rooted in our cultural experiences

48. Past, present, and future Past-orientated cultures British –we have always done it this way Chinese—consider the past and you will know the present Native Americans—value tradition and look to the past for guidance when confronting new situations

49. Present oriented—emphasizing living in the moment. (tend to be more impulsive and spontaneous than others and have a casual, relaxed lifestyle)

50. Monchronic and polychronic classifications Hall’s theory

51. Silence –is also speech