1. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union EMN Study 2012: Immigration of International Students to the EU Synthesis Report Findings Metropolis Conference, Tampere 10 September 2013 Emilie Balbirnie, EMN Service Provider (ICF GHK-COWI)

2. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Aim of the Study Overview of immigration policies implemented by (Member) States for international students, to: – assist policymakers and practitioners to achieve a balance between actively attracting international students into the EU; and – prevent the misuse of international student routes. Examine the impact of Directive 2004/114/EC and other relevant EU policy/legislation; Extent to which policies and practice impact on the uptake of opportunities to study in the EU; Explore expectations/legislative gaps which could be filled through the amendment of Directive 2004/114/EC

3. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Statistics First residence permits issued by EU Member States and Norway by reason in 2011

4. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Statistics First permits issued for education reasons by (Member) State 2008 and 2011

5. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union National Policies and practices Policies and strategies focus on facilitating access to education and promoting (Member) State as an attractive destination for study; Policies combine different purposes: – Improving closer relations with third countries, including improvement of international trade; – Increase revenue at national level; – Improve enterprise; – Satisfying labour market needs. Policies focus strategically on attracting international students from particular countries, e.g. Brazil, India, China. Targets have been set relating to the number of international students entering some (Member) States.

6. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Student Profiles Brazil (AT, DE, FR, IT, PL, PT, SE, UK, NO); China (BG, CY, DE, ES, EE, FR, IT, LT, LV, LU, NL, PL, PT, SK, UK, SI, SE, NO); India (CY, DE, FR, IT, LV, LT, LU, PT, SE, UK, NO) Russian Federation (BG, DE, EL, ES, FR, LT, LU, PL, PT, SK, SI, SE, NO) Turkey (DE, EL, EE, IT, LV, LT, PL, PT, SK).

7. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Strategies to attract international students Attracting skilled students (mostly Master and Doctoral students) within a wider policy context of attracting highly skilled workers; Attracting international students in order for national economies to benefit from revenue streams (fees, living expenses etc.)

8. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Strategies (cont’d) Several Member States set targets relating to the number or the economic impact of international students; Strategies are sometimes part of a wider (internationalisation of) higher education strategy – attracting from certain third countries; Member States are increasingly offering courses in other languages; Strategies often complemented by university strategies

9. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Measures to attract international students Provision of Information Recognition of third-country qualifications Scholarships and grants Fast-tracking of applications

10. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Measures - Information Organising or participating in education fairs, conference and forums abroad; Providing information on study opportunities on ministerial websites; Using brokers in third countries to facilitate recruitment Campaigns targeted towards students of third countries Use of social media Use of alumni networks

11. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Measures – Recognition of qualifications Recognising third-country qualifications acquired elsewhere to facilitate the process of applications for admission; The efficiency of the system has been identified as yielding a positive result on facilitating the entry of international students.

12. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Measures – Scholarships and grants Variety of scholarships and grants to choose from; Funding opportunities were identified by Member States as one of the main triggers of increased applications from international students.

13. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Measures – Fast-tracking of applications Various methods of fast-tracking used for admission to the Member States; In Spain, the legislative framework states that students from the education systems of (Member) States or other states shall be able to gain admission without taking entrance exams.

14. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Access to the labour market Article 17 of Directive 2004/114/EC – Access to the labour market during studies; After study, 2 types of Member States can be distinguished: – Those that only allow international students to stay if they have a job or are continuously employed – Those that allow international students to stay in order to search for a job

15. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Change of status Change of migration status from education to family, remunerated or other reasons in Member States bound by the Directive, 2011

16. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Conditions for obtaining a work permit Requirements that need to be filled: – Compliance between job and academic programme completed; – Minimum wage requirements; – Access to capital or investment (for self-employment); – Compliance with annual quotas limiting permits or focusing on certain sectors; – Documentation of employment contract.

17. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union International cooperation Strategies reinforced by formalised approaches to enhance cooperation with the countries of origin; EU Mobility Programmes (e.g. Erasmus Mundus) enabled international students to have access to more opportunities in Member States; Some (Member) States implemented programmes to promote mobility of international students; Few (Member) States make specific concessions for international students; Other forms of cooperation: – Creation of joint programmes and double degrees and international campuses.

18. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Misuse of the Student Route Types of Misuse: – Overstaying – Working illegally – Forged qualifications/documents – Non-attendance at study courses – Misuse by sponsors Measures to detect and/or prevent misuse: – Prevention with countries of origin including liaison officers – Checking qualifications and documentations – Language tests – Licensing and/or inspection regimes – Codes of Conduct

19. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Impact of international students Competition for study places; Access to work after studies: – Varies depending on policy and strategies; – In Estonia, approximately five to ten per cent of international students a year obtain work; – In the United Kingdom, 17% of international students in 2008 remained to work.

20. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Impact of international students (cont’d) Revenues vary depending on the number of international students present in the Member Sate and the level of national subsidy provided by institutions; Ireland - €140 million across all colleges; UK - £2.3 billion spent in local economy ; Netherlands - €25,000 per student in 2009.

21. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Conclusions The study demonstrates the importance of the phenomenon in EU and national policy; The immigration of international students is essential for the EU to place itself as a global competitor; The Directive has been an instrument to promote and simplify the immigration of international students.

22. The European Migration Network (EMN) is co-ordinated by the European Commission with National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) established in each EU Member State plus Norway. Co-funded by the European Union Thank you! www.emn.europa.eu