1. Slide 14.1 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Chapter 14 Public Sector and Policy

2. Slide 14.2 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors This Lecture will give you key organizations A knowledge of the key organizations globally with an interest in and influence upon tourism; functions of NTOs An understanding of the key functions of NTOs and an insight into how such offices might be structured and how responsibilities are divided ;

3. Slide 14.3 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors This Lecture will give you public sector An overview of the role of the public sector; and governments A knowledge of the instruments available to governments in order to manipulate demand for tourism and control the supply of it.

4. Slide 14.4 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Public Policy Framework The context for government involvement in tourism: World Tourism Organisation, the World Bank the United Nations; –International agencies such as the World Tourism Organisation, the World Bank and the United Nations; Pacific Area Travel Association –Regional agencies and banks such as the Pacific Area Travel Association and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

5. Slide 14.5 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Functions of the World Tourism Organisation (1) - Helping member countries, tourist destinations and businesses maximize the positive economic, social and cultural effects of tourism; - Identifying markets; - Assisting in tourism planning as an executing agency of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); - Advising on the harmonisation of policies and practices; - Sponsoring education and training, and identifying funding sources;

6. Slide 14.6 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Functions of the World Tourism Organisation (2) needs of present tourists - Promoting the broader relationship of visitors to the physical and social environment, by defining sustainability as development which meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future; Global Code of Ethics human rights - Encouraging the implementation of a Global Code of Ethics for Tourism for the observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

7. Slide 14.7 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors The Public Administration of Tourism

8. Slide 14.8 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Reasons for Government Involvement in Tourism (1) - Foreign exchange earnings and their importance for the balance of payments; - Employment creation and the need to provide education and training; - Large and fragmented industry requiring careful coordination of development and marketing; - Maximize the net benefits to the host community; - Spread the benefits and costs equitably;

9. Slide 14.9 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Reasons for Government Involvement in Tourism (2) - Building the image of the country as a tourist destination; - Market regulation to protect consumers and prevent unfair competition; - Provision of public goods and infrastructure as part of the tourist product; - Protect tourism resources and the environment; - Regulate aspects of social behavior, for example, gambling; - Monitor the level of tourism activity through statistical surveys.

10. Slide 14.10 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Structure of a National Tourism Organisation

11. Slide 14.11 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Functions of a National Tourism Organisation Marketing –Advertising and promotion; –Relations with the travel trade and media; –Information provision; –Business tourism; –Tourism services.Development –Strategic planning; –Project assistance; –Research.

12. Slide 14.12 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Functions of a National Tourism Organisation Administration –Internal operations; –Tourism legislation; External relations –Representing government; –Tourism sector liaison; –Enquiries and public relations.

13. Slide 14.13 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Demand and Revenue Management - Marketing and promotion; - Information provision and network development; - Pricing; - Controlling access; - Security and safety.

14. Slide 14.14 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Supply and Cost Management - Land-use planning and environmental control; - Building regulations; - Market regulation; -Market research and planning; -Taxation; - Ownership; -Education and training; -Investment incentives.

15. Slide 14.15 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Principles of Taxation - Equity; - Efficiency; - Simplicity.

16. Slide 14.16 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Categorisation of Investment Incentives - Reduction of capital costs; - Reduction of operating costs; - Investment security.

17. Slide 14.17 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Conclusions private markets -The complex nature of the tourist product makes it unlikely that private markets will satisfy all the tourism policy objectives of a country; governmental organizations -The role of governmental organizations, particularly the NTO is critical in the shaping of the tourism system; truly global business -Tourism is a truly global business that has reduced the power of national governments to shield themselves from outside events.

18. Slide 14.18 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors End of Chapter Slid es