BR-main Before Reading 3. Some World-wide Famous Research Institutes 4. Some Well-known Frauds or Plagiarisms in Recent Years 2. Some World-wide Famous.

BR-main Before Reading 3. Some World-wide Famous Research Institutes 4. Some Well-known Frauds or Plagiarisms in Recent Years 2. Some World-wide Famous Academic Magazines Sir Cyril Ludowic Burt Gregor Mendel Lewis Thomas Ptolemy 1. Background Information Sir Isaac Newton 5. Warm-up Exercise

BR1- Lewis Thomas Lewis Thomas Lewis Thomas was an American physician and biologist. Thomas was born in Flushing, New York. He graduated from Princeton, and obtained his medical degree from Harvard in 1937. He held various professorships and research posts and was dean of the medical schools of New York University (1966–1969) and Yale (1972–1973), and President of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute. He is mostly widely known, however, for his lucid essays that combine his fascination for the living world with his thoughts on biology and philosophy. His collections of his essays include The Lives of a Cell (1974), The Medusa and the Snail (1979), and Late Night Thoughts on Listening to Mahler’s Ninth Symphony (1983).

circles to explain his geocentric theory of the solar system. Ptolemy’s system involved at least 80 epicycles to explain the motions of the Sun, the Moon, and the five planets known in his time. The circle was considered as the ideal orbit even if Hipparchus proposed an eccentric motion. It was only Kepler who finally showed that the planet orbits are elliptic and not spherical. BR1- Ptolemy1 Ptolemy Ptolemy lived and worked in Alexandria, Egypt, from approximately 87 to probably 170 AD. Very little is known about his personal life. Ptolemy was an astronomer, mathematician and geographer. He codified the Greek geocentric view of the universe, and rationalized the apparent motions of the planets as they were known in his time. Ptolemy synthesized and extended Hipparchus’s system of epicycles and eccentric

BR1- Ptolemy2

BR1- Ptolemy3

BR1- Ptolemy4

4. During 1665 to 1667, Newton conceived his ‘method of fluxions’ (infinitesimal calculus), laid the foundations for his theory of light and color, and achieved significant insight into the problem of planetary motion, which eventually led to the publication of his Principia. BR1- Sir Isaac Newton1 1. In 1642, Newton was prematurely born in Woolsthorpe. 2. In June 1661, the turning point in Newton’s life came when he left Woolsthorpe for Cambridge University. 3. In 1665, Newton took his bachelor’s degree at Cambridge without honors or distinction and then moved back temporarily to Woolsthorpe due to the Plague. Sir Isaac Newton Chronology of Sir Isaac Newton

BR1- Sir Isaac Newton2 5. In April 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge and, against stiff odds, was elected minor fellow at Trinity. 6. In 1666, Newton observed the fall of an apple in his garden at Woolsthorpe, later recalling, “In the same year I began to think of gravity extending to the orb of the Moon.” 7. During 1684 to 1686, Newton produced his De Motu, and Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. 8. In 1689, he was elected to represent Cambridge in Parliament. 9. In 1696, with the help of Charles Montague, a fellow of Trinity and later earl of Halifax, Newton was appointed Warden and then Master of the Mint.

BR1- Sir Isaac Newton3 10. In 1703, Newton was elected president of the Royal Society and was annually reelected until his death. 11. In 1704, he published his second major work, Opticks, based largely on work completed decades before. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705. 12. He died in London on March 20, 1727.

BR1- Sir Cyril Ludowic Burt1 Sir Cyril Ludowic Burt was a British psychologist, noted for his contributions to the use of analysis in psychology and for his studies of child development. Burt was to the London City Council in 1913. He later served as professor of psychology at University College, London (1931-1950) and was knighted in 1946. After his death, Burt became a figure of. statistical ___________ educational __________ Sir Cyril Ludowic Burt Directions: Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with what you have heard. controversy __________ appointed ________

BR1- Sir Gregor Mendel1 Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk noted for his experimental work on heredity. He entered the Augustinian monastery in Brno in 1843, taught at a local secondary school, and carried out independent scientific investigations on garden peas and other plants until his election as prelate in 1868. Failing eyesight and his duties as prelate somewhat curtailed his researches. Although he anticipated Oscar Hertwig’s discovery that fertilization of an egg involved only one male sex cell, these findings went unpublished. His accounts of the experiments and his conclusions, published in 1866, were ignored during his lifetime. Rediscovered by three separate investigators in 1900, Mendel’s conclusions became the basic tenets of genetics and had a notable influence on plant growing and animal breeding.

BR1- Sir Gregor Mendel2

BR1- Some World-wide Famous Academic Magazines1 Some World-wide Famous Academic Magazines Among the famous academic magazines published worldwide, Nature and Science are the two most reputable journals. Many of the most important new advances or scientific breakthroughs have been published in these two journals. Read the chart to see whether you know those published findings or not.

BR1- Some World-wide Famous Academic Magazines2 YearFindings 1896 1953 1985 1994ScienceDNA repair enzyme ResearchersMagazine W. C. RöntgenX-raysNature J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick The structure of DNA Nature J. C. Farman, B. G. Gardiner and J. D. Shanklin Ozone holeNature 1996 1997 I. Wilmut, A. E. Schnieke, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind and K. H. S. Campbell First cloning of a mammal Dolly, the sheep Nature and Science 2000 / 2001 J. C. Farman, B. G. Gardiner and J. D. Shanklin Ozone holeScience International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium Human genome Nature and Science

BR1- Some World-wide Famous Research Institutes1 Some World-wide Famous Research Institutes Directions: Listen to the passage, and then fill in the table with the information you have just heard. Abbreviation When was it founded and by whom? Who are the members? American Association for the Advancement of Science United States National Academy of Science AAASNAS in 1848 in 1863 by former president Lincoln approximately 2,000 members and 350 foreign associates 262 affiliated societies and academies of science

BR1- Some World-wide Famous Research Institutes2 What is its function or aim? What are its major publications? advancing science around the world by serving as an educator, leader, spokesperson and professional association providing a public service by working outside the framework of government to ensure independent advice on matters of science, technology, and medicine Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press, and Issues in Science and Technology Science, Invention and Impact, The Science Inside

BR1- Some World-wide Famous Research Institutes3 NAS is the abbreviation for the National Academy of Sciences, which is an honorific society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. The NAS was signed into being by President Abraham Lincoln on March 3, 1863, at the height of the Civil War. NAS provides a public service by working outside the framework of government to ensure independent advice on matters of science, technology, and medicine The Academy membership is comprised of approximately 2,000 members and 350 foreign associates, of whom more than 200 have won Nobel Prizes. The major magazines or journals NAS publishes are: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press, and Issues in Science and Technology.

BR1- Some World-wide Famous Research Institutes4 The American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS, is an international non-profit organization dedicated to advancing science around the world by serving as an educator, leader, spokesperson and professional association. Founded in 1848, AAAS serves some 262 affiliated societies and academies of science, serving 10 million individuals. The non-profit AAAS is open to all and fulfills its mission to “advance science and serve society” through initiatives in science policy; international programs and science education. AAAS publishes the journals Science, Science, Invention and Impact, The Science Inside as well as many scientific newsletters, books and reports.

BR1- Some Well-known Frauds or Plagiarisms in Recent Years1 Some Well-known Frauds or Plagiarisms in Recent Years Directions: Work with your partner and try to list some well-known frauds or plagiarisms happening in recent years home or abroad, either in the academic field or in other fields. Then look at the following chart to see whether you know them or not. Tips: 1974 Subjects Researchers “The Patchwork Mouse” — He claimed that he could transplant tissue from unrelated animals by keeping the tissue in culture for four to six weeks. He used white mice with patches of black fur which he had colored with a black permanent marker, but later people found that he painted the mice. William Summerlin Time

BR1- Some Well-known Frauds or Plagiarisms in Recent Years2 2005 The company kept their debt and risk away from their accounting books and filed for bankruptcy. Enron He fraudulently reported to have succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning in Nature and Science. Hwang Woo-suk 2001 2006Cancer researchJon Sudb 2006He admitted that he was not the creator of Dolly, the sheep. Ian Wilmut 2006He was fired in 2006 for a major fraud in China’s prestigious and high-profile computer chip research program — Han Xin computer chip. Chen Jin

BR1- Some Well-known Frauds or Pl Warm-up Exercise Directions: Discuss with your partners on the possible ways to deal with scientific misconduct.

GR-MAIN Global Reading 1. Part Division of the Text 2. Further Understanding For Part 1 True or False For Part 2Scanning Table Completion For Part 3 Questions For Part 4 Blank Filling For Part 5 Questions

GR- Part Division of the Text Part Division of the Text PartsParagraph(s)Main Ideas 1 2 3 1~2 3~4 5~6 The fact of fraudulent research has drawn much attention recently. Instances of fraudulent research both today and yesterday may seem to be a constantly spreading blot on the record of science and do damage to public confidence in the scientific method. Fraud in scientific research will inevitably lead to failure. 47~8The papers in Nature can serve as examples of how the self-monitoring system of scientific research is working. 59 There is no need to worry about fraudulent research.

GR-Further Understanding1 True or False T ( ) 1. The two famous scientists appeared before a congressional committee to argue against the fact that American researchers lack research ethics. F ( ) 2. The congressional committee wanted to know why there were fewer research papers published. F ( ) 3. The following three: The New York Times, Nature and Science are all technical magazines. The committee wanted to know why there are so many academic scandals in the scientific field. Nature and Science are technical periodicals, but The New York Times is newspaper.

GR-Further Understanding2 T ( ) 4. One of the situations related to academic scandals is that some scientists deliberately adopt the methods of fraud and plagiarism in their research. F ( ) 5. Fortunately, the self-monitoring system aimed at exposing all cases of faked data functions well. The self-monitoring system appears to be malfunctioning.

GR- Further Understanding3 Directions: Scan the text to find out phrases or expressions, which are related to either “unethical research behavior” or “faked data” in both Part 1 and Part 2. Para 1: fraud, plagiarism, fudging of data falsification of research, deliberate mistruth fraudulent research, cheating, bogus data falsehood, bent science, falsified synthesis, fabrication fake the result, faked data, cooked his data, plagiarize someone else’s data Para 2: Para 3: Para 4: Para 5: Scanning

GR- Further Understanding4 Directions: In this part, the author uses lots of examples to illustrate his points. Find all the examples used in Part 2, and fill in the following table according to their chronological order. WhenWho second century AD seventeenth- century What his unearthly data establishing the sun’s movement around the earth Ptolemy supposed example of fudging in Newton’s calculations Newton one hundred years ago small questions about the perfection of his classical generalizations about plant genetics Mendel Table Completion

GR- Further Understanding5 in the 1930s twenty years ago in 1974 Cyril Burtfaked data on the inheritance of intelligence in identical twins the falsified synthesis of a cellular protein a postdoctoral student at the Rockefeller Institute skin-graft fabrication at Sloan-Kettering

The author wants to point out that in the field of academic research, scientific malfeasance does exist, but the number is extremely small due to many factors. GR- Further Understanding6 In what kinds of cases can a scientist who has faked his research results get away with it successfully? There are two cases: one is that the faked data is confirmed by real research in every fine detail, the second one is that the work he describes is too trivial to arouse other investigators’ interest. 1. If a scientist has plagiarized others’ research paper, what would happen to him? It is definite that he would be caught by the computer retrieval system accessible to any scientific library sooner or later. 2. Why does the author mention the fact that there were only four instances of scientific malfeasance among about 18,000 research projects? 3. Questions

GR- Further Understanding7 Directions: In this part, the author lists five research papers. Fill in the following blanks with the information given in this part related to them. The two papers in Nature dealt with raised by Canadian scientists. They found out to suggest the phenomenon of so-called. The two papers pointed out that. In this case, no is involved. The other three papers were all about. question an important and fascinating sound evidence _____________ cautiously but not conclusively _________________________ tolerance _________ Canadian work could not be confirmed _______________________________ contrived data or misguided information ________________________________ molecular genetics ________________ _______ _______________________ Blank Filling

GR- Further Understanding8 Why does the author say that we don’t need to worry much about falsity and fraud appearing in academic research? Because the mainstream of scientific research is positive. Although we may face upheavals, arguments, disagreements, surprises or even total failures, we are assured that these would definitely lead to new knowledge and new bursts of research. 1. Why does the author mention the fact that the Latin root for “falsity” is the same root for the word “failure”? Because the author wants to point out that in scientific research falsity leads only to failure. 2. Questions

How far can we trust scientists to tell the truth? In recent years a number of cases have come to light in which researchers appear to have tampered with their results to make them fit their theories. Is such malpractice widespread or rare? Lewis Thomas reviews the evidence. TEXT

FALSITY AND FAILURE Lewis Thomas TEXT-S-1 Two friends of mine, eminent scientists with high responsibilities for science management and policy, were recently called before a congressional committee to testify in defense of the morals of American research. Why is it, they were asked, that there have been so many instances of outright fraud and plagiarism in recent years, so many publications of experiments never actually performed, so much fudging of data?

At about the same time, articles about falsification of research — particularly in biomedical science — appeared in The New York Times and in two respected and widely read technical periodicals, Nature (published in London) and Science (in Washington). The general drift of the thoughtful, worried essays was that the reported instances of deliberate mistruth on the part of scientists seem to be on the increase, and the self-monitoring system, traditionally relied upon to spot and immediately expose all cases of faked data, appears to be malfunctioning. The list of fraudulent research reports is not a long one, but several of the studies were carried out within the walls of the country’s most distinguished scientific institutions, long regarded as models of scientific probity. Science stated flat out, in its April 10, 1981, issue: “There is little doubt that a dark side of science has emerged during the past decade... Four major cases of cheating in biomedical research came to light in 1980 alone with some observers in the lay press calling it a ‘crime wave.’” TEXT-S-2

TEXT-S-3 It is the same list in all the reports: the case of a pathologist knowingly employing a contaminated cell-culture line, two junior researchers who plagiarized work already done by others, a clinical investigator found to have inserted bogus data on cancer chemotherapy into the project’s computer. None of these studies involved crucial issues of science; the papers in question dealt with relatively minor matters, unlikely to upheave any field but requiring, nonetheless, a significant waste of time and money in other laboratories attempting to confirm the unconfirmable. The real damage has been done to the public confidence in the scientific method, and there are apprehensions within the scientific community itself that someone, somewhere, perhaps in Washington, will begin framing new regulations to ensure exactitude and honesty in an endeavor that has always prided itself, and depended for its very progress, on these two characteristics.

Now that the issue has surfaced so publicly it is likely that story will lead to story, and there will be more speculations and skepticism about any piece of science that seems to carry surprising or unorthodox implications. Indeed, a number of old stories are being exhumed and revived, as though to reveal a pattern of habitual falsehood in the process of science: Ptolemy and his unearthly second-century A.D. data establishing the sun’s movement around the earth, supposed examples of seventeenth-century fudging in Newton’s calculations, even some small questions about the perfection of Gregor Mendel’s classical (and absolutely solid) generalizations about plant genetics one hundred years ago. Lumped in with these are some outright examples of bent science: Cyril Burt’s 1930s data on the inheritance of intelligence in identical twins, the falsified synthesis of a cellular protein by a postdoctoral student at the Rockefeller Institute twenty years ago, and the notorious episode of skin-graft fabrication at Sloan-Kettering in 1974. TEXT-S-4

It is an impossibility for a scientist to fake his results and get away with it, unless he is lucky enough to have the faked data conform, in every fine detail, to a guessed-at truth about nature (the probability of this kind of luck is exceedingly small), or unless the work he describes is too trivial to be of interest to other investigators. Either way, he cannot win. These can, if you like, be made to seem all of a piece, a constantly spreading blot on the record of science. Or, if you prefer (and I do prefer), they can be viewed as anomalies, the work of researchers with unhinged minds or, as in the cases of Newton and Mendel, gross exaggerations of the fallibility of even superb scientists. TEXT-S-5

TEXT-S-6 If he reports something of genuine significance, he knows for a certainty that other workers will repeat his experiments, or try to, and if he has cooked his data the word will soon be out, to the ruin of his career. If he has plagiarized someone else’s paper, the computer retrieval systems available to scientific libraries everywhere will catch him at it, sooner or later, with the same result. In short, the system does indeed work, and the fact that only four instances of scientific malfeasance have been identified in a year during which some 18,000 research projects were sponsored by the National Institutes of Health means just what the fact says: such events are extremely rare. This is not a claim that scientists are necessarily, by nature, an impeccably honest lot although I am convinced that all the best ones are. It says, simply, that people are not inclined to try cheating in a game where cheating leads almost inevitably to losing.

TEXT-S-7 You have only to glance through other pages of the same issue of Nature in which the editorial comment on fraud appears to catch a sense of how the system really works, and works at its very best. There are two extensive papers dealing with an important and fascinating question raised last year by a Canadian group of immunologists, who had found evidence suggesting, cautiously but not conclusively, that mice can inherit through the male line an acquired abnormality in their immune cells known technically as “tolerance”. If true, the claim would support nothing less than Lamarckianism, long since jettisoned from biology; it would be an upheaval indeed to face again, as an open problem, the question of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

TEXT-S-8 The two new papers explore the matter in elegantly designed and meticulously executed experiments, with the conclusion that the Canadian work could not be confirmed. There is, in this instance, no question at all of contrived data or even the misguided reading of results; it is a typical instance of disagreement in science, something that happens whenever major ideas are under exploration. It will, in this case, lead to more work in the three laboratories now caught up in the problem and no doubt in others not yet involved. It may also lead to new knowledge, a deeper comprehension of immunology, and conceivably to something surprising, even if the Canadians turn out at the end to have been totally wrong. In the same journal there are three marvelous papers — one from the University of Cambridge, two from Cal Tech — that will cause even more of a stir in biomedical science, generating surprise, argument, and new bursts of research in laboratories around the world.

TEXT-S-9 The genetic composition of human mitochondria has been elucidated, and these structures, long believed to be the descendants of bacteria living as permanent lodgers inside all nucleated cells, are turning out to have an arrangement of their genes like nothing else on earth: they display an astonishing economy in their circles of DNA, and in some respects the genetic code is different from what has, up to now, been regarded as a universal code. It is something quite new, unorthodox, unexpected, and therefore certain to be challenged but also likely to be repeated, confirmed, and extended. Molecular genetics may then be moved on to new ground, new explanations for the origin of mitochondria will be thought up and tested, and science itself will be off and running in a new direction.

TEXT-S-10 With work like this going on in the pages of a single issue of Nature, and with similar things to be read in Science, week after week these days, I cannot find time to worry so much about falsity and fraud. Only to reflect that my dictionary gives the Latin root for “falsity” as fallere, which is the same root for the word “failure”.

TEXT-W-1 FALSITY AND FAILURE Lewis Thomas Two friends of mine, eminent scientists with high responsibilities for science management and policy, were recently called before a congressional committee to testify in defense of the morals of American research. Why is it, they were asked, that there have been so many instances of outright fraud and plagiarism in recent years, so many publications of experiments never actually performed, so much fudging of data?

TEXT-W-2 At about the same time, articles about falsification of research — particularly in biomedical science — appeared in The New York Times and in two respected and widely read technical periodicals, Nature (published in London) and Science (in Washington). The general drift of the thoughtful, worried essays was that the reported instances of deliberate mistruth on the part of scientists seem to be on the increase, and the self-monitoring system, traditionally relied upon to spot and immediately expose all cases of faked data, appears to be malfunctioning. The list of fraudulent research reports is not a long one, but several of the studies were carried out within the walls of the country’s most distinguished scientific institutions, long regarded as models of scientific probity. Science stated flat out, in its April 10, 1981, issue: “There is little doubt that a dark side of science has emerged during the past decade... Four major cases of cheating in biomedical research came to light in 1980 alone with some observers in the lay press calling it a ‘crime wave.’”

TEXT-W-3 It is the same list in all the reports: the case of a pathologist knowingly employing a contaminated cell-culture line, two junior researchers who plagiarized work already done by others, a clinical investigator found to have inserted bogus data on cancer chemotherapy into the project’s computer. None of these studies involved crucial issues of science; the papers in question dealt with relatively minor matters, unlikely to upheave any field but requiring, nonetheless, a significant waste of time and money in other laboratories attempting to confirm the unconfirmable. The real damage has been done to the public confidence in the scientific method, and there are apprehensions within the scientific community itself that someone, somewhere, perhaps in Washington, will begin framing new regulations to ensure exactitude and honesty in an endeavor that has always prided itself, and depended for its very progress, on these two characteristics.

TEXT-W-4 Now that the issue has surfaced so publicly it is likely that story will lead to story, and there will be more speculations and skepticism about any piece of science that seems to carry surprising or unorthodox implications. Indeed, a number of old stories are being exhumed and revived, as though to reveal a pattern of habitual falsehood in the process of science: Ptolemy and his unearthly second-century A.D. data establishing the sun’s movement around the earth, supposed examples of seventeenth-century fudging in Newton’s calculations, even some small questions about the perfection of Gregor Mendel’s classical (and absolutely solid) generalizations about plant genetics one hundred years ago. Lumped in with these are some outright examples of bent science: Cyril Burt’s 1930s data on the inheritance of intelligence in identical twins, the falsified synthesis of a cellular protein by a postdoctoral student at the Rockefeller Institute twenty years ago, and the notorious episode of skin-graft fabrication at Sloan-Kettering in 1974.

TEXT-W-5 These can, if you like, be made to seem all of a piece, a constantly spreading blot on the record of science. Or, if you prefer (and I do prefer), they can be viewed as anomalies, the work of researchers with unhinged minds or, as in the cases of Newton and Mendel, gross exaggerations of the fallibility of even superb scientists. It is an impossibility for a scientist to fake his results and get away with it, unless he is lucky enough to have the faked data conform, in every fine detail, to a guessed-at truth about nature (the probability of this kind of luck is exceedingly small), or unless the work he describes is too trivial to be of interest to other investigators. Either way, he cannot win.

TEXT-W-6 If he reports something of genuine significance, he knows for a certainty that other workers will repeat his experiments, or try to, and if he has cooked his data the word will soon be out, to the ruin of his career. If he has plagiarized someone else’s paper, the computer retrieval systems available to scientific libraries everywhere will catch him at it, sooner or later, with the same result. In short, the system does indeed work, and the fact that only four instances of scientific malfeasance have been identified in a year during which some 18,000 research projects were sponsored by the National Institutes of Health means just what the fact says: such events are extremely rare. This is not a claim that scientists are necessarily, by nature, an impeccably honest lot although I am convinced that all the best ones are. It says, simply, that people are not inclined to try cheating in a game where cheating leads almost inevitably to losing.

TEXT-W-7 You have only to glance through other pages of the same issue of Nature in which the editorial comment on fraud appears to catch a sense of how the system really works, and works at its very best. There are two extensive papers dealing with an important and fascinating question raised last year by a Canadian group of immunologists, who had found evidence suggesting, cautiously but not conclusively, that mice can inherit through the male line an acquired abnormality in their immune cells known technically as “tolerance”. If true, the claim would support nothing less than Lamarckianism, long since jettisoned from biology; it would be an upheaval indeed to face again, as an open problem, the question of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

TEXT-W-8 The two new papers explore the matter in elegantly designed and meticulously executed experiments, with the conclusion that the Canadian work could not be confirmed. There is, in this instance, no question at all of contrived data or even the misguided reading of results; it is a typical instance of disagreement in science, something that happens whenever major ideas are under exploration. It will, in this case, lead to more work in the three laboratories now caught up in the problem and no doubt in others not yet involved. It may also lead to new knowledge, a deeper comprehension of immunology, and conceivably to something surprising, even if the Canadians turn out at the end to have been totally wrong. In the same journal there are three marvelous papers — one from the University of Cambridge, two from Cal Tech — that will cause even more of a stir in biomedical science, generating surprise, argument, and new bursts of research in laboratories around the world.

TEXT-W-9 The genetic composition of human mitochondria has been elucidated, and these structures, long believed to be the descendants of bacteria living as permanent lodgers inside all nucleated cells, are turning out to have an arrangement of their genes like nothing else on earth: they display an astonishing economy in their circles of DNA, and in some respects the genetic code is different from what has, up to now, been regarded as a universal code. It is something quite new, unorthodox, unexpected, and therefore certain to be challenged but also likely to be repeated, confirmed, and extended. Molecular genetics may then be moved on to new ground, new explanations for the origin of mitochondria will be thought up and tested, and science itself will be off and running in a new direction.

TEXT-S2-1 1. What does the word “drift” refer to? The word “drift” refers to “the general idea”. 2. What is the meaning of the sentence in Chinese? 那几篇经过深思熟虑且忧虑重重的文章的大意是，报刊上披露的科学家故意捏造事实的事例似有上升趋势，长期以来赖以发现并迅速曝光各种虚假数据的自律体系好像失灵了. 3. Why does the author use the two phrases “seem to be” and “appear to be”? The phrases “seem to be” and “appear to be” indicate uncertainty. The author uses these two phrases in order to show that the phenomenon may not necessarily happen in any scientific paper.

TEXT-S3-2 1. Why does the author think that the loss of public confidence is the real damage? Because maybe both time and money are needed to prove that the data is contrived or the report is faked, but if the public no longer believe any scientific report due to some faked ones, it will pose a potential danger to science and society. 2. What does the phrase “within the scientific community” refer to? This phrase refers to those scientists who do scientific research. 3. What do “these two characteristics” refer to? They refer to “exactitude and honesty”.

TEXT-S4-3 1. What’s the meaning of the phrase “now that”? “Now that” means “as a result of something”, for example: 2. What is the meaning of the sentence in Chinese? 由于这一问题如此公开暴露，很可能一篇报道会引出又一篇报道，大家对任何似乎有着惊人之处或异于常规之处的科学研究都会产生更多的猜测或怀疑. Now that they’ve got to know each other a little better, they get along just fine. 由于彼此之间有了进一步了解，他们相处得不错。

TEXT-S5-4 1. What does “these” refer to? It refers to the examples of habitual falsehood in the process of science. 2. What does the phrase “all of a piece” mean? This phrase means “be the same or similar in all parts”. The style of the book is all of a piece, both in illustrations and text. 这本书无论是插图还是文字，风格都很一致。

TEXT-S5-5 Analyze the structure of the sentence. 本句是个由连接词 “ unless ” 组成的主从句，主句是 “ It is an impossibility for a scientist to fake his results and get away with it ”, 从句由两个并列的状语从句组成： “ unless he is lucky… ”,“ or unless the work… ” 。

TEXT-S5-6 1. What does “either way” refer to? “Either way” refers to the following two situations: the first one is that he is lucky enough that his faked data are later to be confirmed, the second one is that no other researchers are interested in what he is doing. 2. Analyze the structure of the sentence. 本句是个倒装句，按正常语序应为： He cannot win either way. 在这里倒装句起强调作用，强调了无论哪个方法都不行。

TEXT-S6-7 1. What does “it” refer to? It refers to the fact that the events of scientific malfeasance are extremely rare. 2. What does “game” refer to? It refers to “scientific research”. 3. What is the meaning of the sentence in Chinese? 这仅仅是说明，在欺骗几乎不可避免地会导致失败的游戏中，人们不会乐于弄虚作假。

TEXT-S7-8 Analyze the first part of the sentence — “There are two extensive papers dealing with an important and fascinating question raised last year by a Canadian group of immunologists…” 句中 “ dealing with ” 是现在分词词组，在句子中修饰 “ paper ” ，表示主动含义。而 “ raised ” 是过去分词词组，在句子中修饰 “ question ” ，表示被动含义。

TEXT-S7-9 What’s the meaning of the phrase “nothing less than”? It is used to emphasize how important, serious, or impressive something is. For example: His appearance in the show was nothing less than a sensation.

TEXT-S8-10 What’s the meaning of “more of a stir” in this sentence? It means a stir bigger than the last one.

TEXT-S9-11 1. What is the meaning of this part of the sentence in Chinese? 人类线粒体的遗传构成业已得到解释，这些长期以来被认为是永久寄生于有核细胞中的细菌衍生物的结构, 原来具有一种不同于世间其他事物的基因排列： …… 2. What does “these structures” refer to? “These structures” refers to “the genetic composition of human mitochondria”.

TEXT-W1-eminent eminent: adj. 1. towering or standing out above others; prominent The group of adventurers decided not to abandon the climbing of this eminent peak just because of adverse weather conditions. 2. of high rank, station, or quality; noteworthy All the eminent members of this community were invited to this charity party. She is an eminent historian, and works at one of the most prestigious institutes as a full professor. 3. an eminent person is famous, important, and respected These companies can afford to hire the most eminent lawyers to represent them.

TEXT-W1- testify testify: v. 1. make a formal statement of what is true, especially in a court of law 2. show clearly that sth. is the case Can you testify that you saw the defendant at the scene of the crime? Many astronauts have testified to the exhilaration of weightlessness. 目击证人在陪审团面前作证. The witnesses testified before a grand jury.

TEXT-W1- in defense of in defense of: defending, protecting A multitude of laborers took part in the demonstration in defense of their rights. She spoke in defense of her religious beliefs. Hundreds gave their lives in defense of freedom and dignity.

TEXT-W1- outright outright 1. adv. clearly and directly, without trying to hide your feelings or intentions; immediately and without any delay 2. adj. clear and direct; complete and total The response of the audience varied from outright rejection to warm hospitality. His facial expression bears strong evidence of his outright viciousness. After a close examination, the police concluded that the victim was killed outright by a single gunshot. 我把我对他所作所为的看法直率地告诉了他. I told him outright what I thought of his behavior.

TEXT-W2- on the part of on the part of (on one’s part) used when describing a particular person’s feelings or actions There has never been any jealousy on my part. This kind of outright denial is sure to be an insult on his part.

TEXT-W2-deliberate deliberate: adj. 1. intended or planned 2. deliberate speech, thought, or movement is slow and careful After a deliberate consideration, Mr. Jones decided to resign from his position and run his own business. 这位贵族把仆人无意的疏忽错当成蓄意的侮辱。 This nobleman mistook the unintentional oversight of his servant for a deliberate insult. The lecturer made very deliberate gestures for emphasis during his presentation. Collocations: deliberate in one’s speech a deliberate insult deliberate about / over 言语慎重的蓄意的侮辱就 …… 仔细考虑

TEXT-W2- fake fake 1. vt. make sth. seem real in order to deceive people 2. n. a copy of a valuable object, painting, etc. that is intended to deceive people No one had ever imagined that this moving story was faked until the truth was exposed. The son faked his father’s signature on the contract so that he could sell the house without his father’s notice. This Picasso was only a fake, but it was accepted as genuine by eminent art critics and sold to an important museum for a fabulous amount of money. That’s not a real diamond necklace; it’s just a fake.

TEXT-W2-malfunction1 malfunction 1. vi. (of a machine) fail to work normally or properly The computer malfunctioned and printed out the wrong data. The scientists have tried to cure diseases by replacing malfunctioning genes with healthy ones. So if it turns out to be a success, some incurable diseases may be cured in the near future. 2. n. a fault in the way a machine or part of sb.’s body works 这个公司收集了足够的证据来证明这次事故的主要原因是机器的一个严重故障。 This company collected sound evidence to confirm that this disaster was greatly attributed to a major malfunction of the machine.

malnourished ill or weak because of not having enough food to eat showing a desire to harm other people unable to form good relationship with others someone who is likely to cause trouble because of dissatisfaction treat a person or animal cruelly badly formed the act of failing to do a professional duty properly TEXT-W2-malfunction2 Directions: Match the words in Column A with the meanings in Column B. mal-adjusted mal-content malevolent mal-formed malnourished mal-practice mal-treat ( ) malevolent ( ) mal-adjusted( ) mal-content ( ) mal-treat( ) mal-formed ( ) mal-practice ( )

TEXT-W2- flat out flat out 1. (informal) (American English) in a direct and complete way 2. (informal) as fast as possible That robber was running flat out towards the door with several cops pursuing. She asked him flat out whether he’d been seeing another woman.

TEXT-W2-come to light come to light if new information comes to light, it becomes known 这场比赛中所有的疑点早晚都会大白于天下的。 At first I was convinced that the truth was unlikely to come to light, but that guy deliberately told him flat that he would be sacked. Everything worth suspecting about this contest would come to light sooner or later.

TEXT-W3- upheave upheave: vt. lift forcefully from beneath; heave upward The government reported that the hurricane had caused serious injuries and damages, with hundreds of trees and dozens of houses upheaved.

TEXT-W3- apprehension1 apprehension: n. anxiety about the future, especially about dealing with sth. unpleasant or difficult 我对明天的面试感到有些担心. The news that few of the women and children were saved has caused the greatest apprehension. I feel a certain apprehension about my interview tomorrow. apprehension, foreboding & presentiment 这三个都是名词，均含有 “ 预感 ” 之意。 CF: apprehension 是对一些将要发生的不好或困难的事情的充满恐惧的预期, 例如： The student looked around the examination room with apprehension. 那名学生恐惧地察看考场的四周。

TEXT-W3- apprehension2 foreboding 是指强烈感觉到不好的事情快要发生了, 例如： The second half of the book builds a steadily escalating sense of foreboding. 这本书的后半部分建立了一种逐渐增强的不幸的预感. presentiment 比较正式，指一种觉得某事（特别是不好的事情）快要发生的奇怪的感觉，例如： The lawyer had a presentiment that the judge would dismiss the case against her client. 律师有一种预感，即法官将驳回她的当事人的案件。

TEXT-W3- frame frame: 1. vt. (formal) organize and develop a plan, system, etc.; carefully plan the way you are going to ask a question, make a statement, etc. It is of great urgency to frame new regulations to ensure exactitude and honesty in any scientific domain. 这个问题被限定只能有一个答案. The question was framed to draw only one answer. 2. n. the main ideas, facts, etc. that sth. is based on The frame of contemporary society was built on freedom that every human being is entitled to. I’m not in the right frame of mind to start discussing money.

TEXT-W4- speculation speculation: n. 1) when you guess about the possible causes or effects of sth. without knowing all the facts, or the guesses that you make Much speculation over the cause of the air crash arose. 2) when you try to make a large profit by buying goods, property, shares, etc. and then selling them 房地产开发中的欺诈性投机活动会给市场带来不可弥补的伤害。 Many people consider buying shares as a speculation, but the risks are generally ignored. The latest defeat of the government led to increasing speculation that the Prime Minster would resign. Dishonest speculation in property development would bring indelible damage to the market.

TEXT-W4- skepticism skepticism: n. an attitude of doubting that particular claims or statements are true or whether sth. will happen The statement of the spokesman tended to bring out much skepticism. The government’s claim that the country is now coming out of recession is being treated with deep skepticism.

TEXT-W4- revive revive: vt. 1) become healthy and strong again, or to make sb. or sth. healthy and strong again 她昏迷了, 但喂她些白兰地酒后她就很快醒过来了。 She fainted but the brandy soon revived her. Spring rains revive lawns and flowers. 2) bring sth. back after it has not been used or has not existed for a period of time Is it true to say that in March 1979, Magic Johnson of Michigan State University helped revived public interest in basketball? Efforts to revive mini-skirt are in vain.

TEXT-W4-perfection perfection: n. 1) the process of making sth. perfect They are working on the perfection of their new paint formula. 2) the state of being perfect Perfection is impossible to achieve in that kind of work. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. Collocations: aim for perfection bring sth. to perfection wine aged to perfection 力求完善使（某事）十全十美陈年佳酿

TEXT-W4- synthesis synthesis: n. 1) the production of sounds, speech, or music electronically The reading machine electronically scans printed texts and speaks the words aloud by using speech-synthesis software. 2) sth. that has been made by combining different things, or the process of combining things so that the complex whole is formed a synthesis of Eastern and Western philosophical ideas

TEXT-W4- notorious notorious: adj. famous or well-known for sth. bad This region is notorious for its terrible snowstorms. 她因行为野蛮而出名。 She’s notorious for her wild behavior. celebrated, distinguished & notorious 这三个词都是形容词，均含有 “ 著名的 ” 之意。 CF: celebrated 表示受公众的注意以及在刊物上经常被提及，还可以表示公众对某人特品质和成就的敬仰。例如： Venice is celebrated for its beautiful buildings. 威尼斯以它美丽的建筑而闻名。

TEXT-W4- notorious distinguished 表示某人在工作，事业中非常成功而享有很高的声望。例如： His grandfather had been a distinguished professor at the Oxford University. notorious 表示坏事而出名。例如： The area was notorious for murders. 他的祖父过去是牛津大学一个著名的教授。这个地区臭名昭著，因为谋杀案特别多。

TEXT-W5- blot blot 1. n. a building, structure, etc. that is ugly and spoils the appearance of a place; sth. that spoils the good opinion that people have of sb. or sth.; a mark or dirty spot on sth., especially made by ink That new factory is a blot on the landscape. 2. v. cover or hide sth. Completely; if you blot out an unpleasant memory, a thought, etc., you deliberately try to forget it Thick, white smoke completely blotted out the sun. His involvement in the scandal was a blot on his reputation. She had blotted out all her memories of the car accident. There are some ink blots on the white wall.

TEXT-W5- superb superb: adj. extremely good Helen has a superb mind and is able to articulate her thoughts with great precision and wit. 运动设施是第一流的。 The sports facilities are superb.

TEXT-W5-conform 这座建筑物不符合安全条例。 conform: vi. behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave; obey a law, rule, etc. The building does not conform to safety regulations. The majority of the people considered her as a social outcast due to her refusal to conform to the normal social conventions.

TEXT-W6- certainty1 certainty: n. the state of being completely certain The director told them with absolute certainty that there’ll be no change of policy. On the field of battle there are no certainties. certainty, assurance & conviction 这三个都是名词，均含有 “ 没有疑问，有信心 ” 之意。 CF: certainty 含有经细致考虑事实后而消除疑虑的意思，例如： Jealousy feeds upon suspicion, and it turns into fury or it ends as soon as we pass from suspicion to certainty. 嫉妒借猜疑而存在，它或转化为愤怒，或在我们将怀疑转为确定时消失。

TEXT-W6- certainty2 assurance 是一种由主观经验而产生的一种有信心的感觉（相信自己的能力，相信自己是对的），例如： There is no such thing as absolute certainty, but there is assurance sufficient for the purposes of human life. 没有绝对的必然性这样的东西，但有足够满足人们生活目的的自信心。 conviction 是由克服疑虑而产生的自信，例如： The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved. 生活中至高无上的幸福是确信我们为人所爱。 Collocations: with certainty for a certainty 肯定地毋庸置疑

TEXT-W6- retrieval retrieval: n. 1) the process of getting back information stored on a computer system 2) if a situation is beyond retrieval, it has become so bad that it cannot be made right again The retrieval system installed in this computer can help us get the information needed. She tried to apologize but it was really beyond retrieval.

TEXT-W6- impeccably impeccably: adv. without any faults and impossible to criticize 他的穿着在那种场合非常得体。 This is not a claim that teachers are necessarily, by nature, an impeccably devoting lot, although I am personally convinced that all the best ones are. He was impeccably dressed for the occasion.

TEXT-W7- conclusively The investigation failed to provide any conclusive evidence. conclusively: adv. showing that sth. is definitely true conclusive adj. 她在枪上留下的指纹就是她犯罪的确凿证据。 Her fingerprints on the gun were the conclusive proof of her guilt.

TEXT-W7- upheaval upheaval: n. a very big change that often causes problems Volcanic upheavals cause serious dangers to the local people. In this nation, people were confronted with physical dangers caused by political, social upheavals. Moving house causes such an upheaval.

TEXT-W8-meticulously1 meticulously: adv. very carefully about small details, and always making sure that everything is done correctly He processed the data so meticulously that the conclusion reached was completely credible. The investigators worked meticulously through the evidence for several months, but found nothing to connect Bob with the crime. meticulous, careful & scrupulous 这三个都是形容词，均含有 “ 小心谨慎 ” 之意。 CF: meticulous 强调极度的，有时是过分的对于小细节的关心，确保每件事情都做对，例如： He had throughout been almost worryingly meticulous in his business formalities 。他一直对他的业务手续表现出几乎是担心一样的极度细心。

TEXT-W8-meticulously2 careful 意味着仔细做某事来避免错误，防止损失，例如： A careful examination of the antique bronze showed it to be a forgery. 对古董铜像的仔细检查证明它是件赝品。 scrupulous 很细心来做到诚实、公正，例如： Cynthia was scrupulous in her efforts to give no trouble. 辛西娅非常细心地尽力不添麻烦。

TEXT-W8- contrived At the end of the movie there’s this ridiculously contrived scene where everyone gets killed or disappears. contrived: adj. obviously planned or calculated; not spontaneous; labored The storyline is rather contrived, as people in real life just don’t behave like that.

TEXT-W8- be caught up in It is easy for people to be caught up in crime when there are so many temptations. be caught up in be absorbed or involved in Children who were caught up in the crime are getting a lot of media attention.

TEXT-W8- stir stir 1. n. a slight movement; a disturbance or commotion; an excited reaction Plans for the motorway caused quite a stir among local residents. Give that pan a stir, will you? 2. v. (cause sth. to) move slightly; excite or arouse (a person or his feelings, etc.) 树叶一动都不动. The story stirred the boy’s imagination. His wrath so stirred within him that he could have struck him dead. Not a leaf was stirring. Collocations: stir into stir oneself to a stir over 把 …… 拌入奋起 …… 因 …… 引起的骚乱

TEXT-W9- elucidate elucidate: vt. make (sth) clear; explain The notes helped to elucidate the most difficult parts of the text. The architect elucidated his ideas for the new building at the conference center. She collected any evidence available, which might help her to elucidate the problem.

AR-Main 5. Writing Practice 1. Useful Expressions 2. Listening Practice 3. Oral Practice After Reading 6. Proverbs and Quotations 4. Talk about the Pictures

AR-Useful Expressions1.1 1. 为 …… 作证 2. 彻头彻尾的欺诈、剽窃行为 3. 有上升趋势 4. 在 …… 内 5. 直言不讳地 6. 被揭露 7. 在普通报刊中 8. 在科学界内部 testify in defense of outright fraud and plagiarism on the increase within the walls of flat out come to light in the lay press within the scientific community Useful Expressions

AR-Useful Expressions1.2 9. 一向为 …… 而自豪 10. 与 …… 联系在一起 11. 仍在继续扩散的污点 12. 不被追究 13. 完全吻合 14. 推测的自然法则 15. 肯定 pride oneself on lump in with a constantly spreading blot get away with it conform in every fine detail a guessed-at truth about nature for a certainty 16. 不可避免地会导致失败 lead almost inevitably to losing

AR-Useful Expressions1.3 17. 意识到 18. 带来更大的震动 19. 新一轮的研究 20. 在某些方面 21. 进入一个新天地 22. 起步奔向一个新的方向 catch a sense of cause even more of a stir new bursts of research in some respects be moved on to a new ground be off and running in a new direction

AR- Listening Practice 2.1 Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 1 to 6 with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. Listening Practice

1., persistence and an open mind are some of the researchers tell us that make a good investigator. “As a researcher, we’re seeking the truth about everything that’s around us,” says Pharmaceutical Sciences Assoc. Prof. Kishor Wasan, who also 3. the faculty’s summer student research program. “Never try to prove your 4., just try to test it. Let your data show you the way.” Agricultural Sciences Assoc. Prof. Dan Weary says that the secret in getting great ideas tested and into action is to have a strong research team. “Your 5. is only as good as the people that you attract into your research group,” says Weary. “Give them the that they need to make the project a success.” Curiosity AR- Listening Practice 2.2 productivity __________ traits 2. ____ ________ hypothesis __________ resources 6. ________ heads ______

AR- op1 Oral Practice Directions: Suppose you and your partner are discussing about “How to Be a Good Researcher”. The following items are some basic elements required if you want to be a good researcher. Please choose the item you think is the most indispensable, and then discuss it with your partner. 1. Set a goal for yourself. Tip: Knowing one’s goal is essential, because if you have decided what to achieve, you will be able to overcome any difficulties that hinder you from obtaining it. 2. Always keep original curiosity. Tip: Curiosity is important both motivationally and developmentally because it motivates exploratory behavior — the search for information.

You may be confronted with some difficulties that seem to be unconquerable, but you can’t just give up without giving it a try. You need to believe that possibility is ready to come true and this belief can stimulate you to go on in spite of any difficulty. AR- op2 3. Cooperate with others. Tip: Due to the fact that scientific research generally requires a large number of experiments or surveys, no scientist can really achieve something without others’ help. Moreover, by cooperating with others, one can broaden his view, which is vital to scientific research. 4. Remember, honesty is the best policy. Tip: It is no denying that it pays to be honest. This is particularly true in the scientific field. However, scientific research is a serious business, which doesn’t allow any fraud or plagiarism. 5. Believe that possibility is always ready to come true. Tip:

AR- talk about the pictures Talk about the Pictures

AR- Writing Practice1.1 1. A General Introduction Writing Practice — How to Write a Research Paper The structure of the research paper reflects the profound relationship between theory and fact. Facts do not speak for themselves. As Marvin Harris observed, “Facts are always unreliable without theories that guide their collection and that distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.” On the other hand, theories without facts are meaningless. The premise of science is the authority of experiment, observation over reason, ideology, and intuition.

Peterson, Nancy J., ed. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. AR- Writing Practice1.2 2. An Essential Part of a Research Paper — Bibliography / Citations Whether you quote directly or summarize others’ ideas in your own words, you must acknowledge your sources. If you don’t document information that is not your own, you will be plagiarizing. Here are some widely accepted bibliography styles with some examples: 1. MLA (Modern Language Association): 1) Citations within a paper: When citing a source, you must mention the author’s name and the relevant paper number. For example: Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263). 2) Citations at the end of a paper: Your paper should end with a list of “Works Cited” which includes all the sources actually used in the paper. For example: Hill, Charles A. and Marguerite Helmers, eds. Defining Visual Rhetorics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.

AR- Writing Practice1.3 2. APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. 1) In-text citations According to Jones (1998), “Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time.” (p. 199) 2) Citations at the end of a paper Your paper should end with a list of “Reference Lists” which includes virtually all the sources used in the paper. For example: Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

AR- Writing Practice1.4 3. Homework 1. Cheating in Colleges 2. The Impacts of Computer Games on Children 3. The Effective Ways of Learning English in Colleges Directions: Write a research paper on any of the following three topics:

1. A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 2. Lies have short legs. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。谎言站不长。 AR-proverbs and Quotations Proverbs and Quotations Lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd. We yearn for the comfort of familiar lies to create a more amenable reality. — Mel, American writer 3. 说谎掩盖了人死的必然性、人的缺陷、恐惧、焦虑和在熙熙攘攘的人群中所感到的孤独。耳熟能详的谎言会创造一个较易应付的现实。人们渴望从这些谎言中得到安慰。 —— 美国作家梅尔

GR-text1 Nothing is easier than to deceive one’s self. — Demothenes, Ancient Greek statesman 4. 再没有什么比欺骗自己更容易的了。 —— 古希腊政治家德摩西尼 AR-proverbs and Quotations2 Honesty and diligence should be your eternal mates. — Benjamin Franklin 5. 诚实与勤勉，应该成为你永久的伙伴。 —— 本杰明富兰克林

BR-main Before Reading 3. Some World-wide Famous Research Institutes 4. Some Well-known Frauds or Plagiarisms in Recent Years 2. Some World-wide Famous.

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BR-main Before Reading 3. Some World-wide Famous Research Institutes 4. Some Well-known Frauds or Plagiarisms in Recent Years 2. Some World-wide Famous.

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