1. Napoleon’s Reforms

2. The Consulate 1799-1804 Authoritarian republic Napoleon’s rise is the end of the French Revo

3. Napoleon the Genius Manners coarse –Lost temper –Cheated at cards –Pinched people –No gentleman Emancipated from formal customary ideas and from moral scruples Believed his own destiny would be great V. smart Studied history, law, military science, public administration Great leader! – dazzle and captivate Inspired confidence! – crisp speech, rapid decisions, quick grasp of complex concepts Seemed ideal

4. The Consulate France becomes enlightened despotism Bonaparte last and greatest E.D. Despotic –Napoleon pushed aside elected officials –Thought of people and govt like deists thought of god –Got it started and then stepped back

5. Gave himself credibility by submitting to a Plebiscite – vote by the people –Either him or nothing –Wins by 3,011,007 to 1,562

6. New Constitution Make believe parliament Universal male suffrage (didn’t really elect anyone!) Legislature had no power Council of State – prepared legislation First Consul – made all the decisions and ran the state Not representative – but that means it provoked no one!!! nice

7. Peace Abroad Napoleon promised then got peace Russia withdrew In Italy only fought with Austria, easily defeats again 1802 even peace with GB!

8. Peace at Home Kept internal order –Secret police –Administrative “prefect” ruled each regional dept Put down uprisings Laws & taxes imposed on conquered areas No more terror!!

9. General amnesty and invited almost everyone back –Émigrés to refugees and deportees –Had to work with Nap. And stop quarrelling with each other Chose reasonable men to help him run the country Set up famous revolutionaries in positions of power Ready to forget past and move toward future

10. Regiciders Nap. Made great claims that the royalists were out to get him Even had a duke shot for a supposed plot even though Nap knew he was innocent Regiciders felt secure as long as Nap was in power

11. Settlement with the Church Nap - sees religion as a convenience Was a Muslim in Egypt a catholic in France and a free thinker around professors Catholic revival in full swing in France Nap gets on board!

12. Concordat with the Vatican 1801 Pope –Right to depose French Bishops –All clergy answer to pope again –Could worship in public again –Seminaries reopened Napoleon –Pope recognized Republic –No more tithes or taxes on church land = new land owners happy –Religious toleration –Clergy would get salaries from the state

13. Napoleon come out ahead Nap put protestant ministers on payroll Checkmated pope! Disarmed counterrevolution The republic was no longer godless

14. Consulate Reforms Reverse of everything feudal Office holders were anyone – not from a “class” No estates, legal classes, privileges, local liberties, hereditary offices, guilds or manors Judges, officials, and army officers received special salaries –But could not be bought or sold –Everything according to your ability

15. “Careers Open to Talent” Pedigree not enough Must show skill to gain employment Qualifications –Based on how much education you had –Scholarships –Mainly helped middle the most –Education becomes important to determine social standing

16. Censorship If you criticized Nap or his govt Exiled Creative, critical intellectual debate becomes impossible

17. Economy No tax exemptions Everyone paid, so no disgrace in paying –Less evasion 1 st time in 10 years govt really collected taxes –Govt can plan financial affairs! –Order introduced into spending –Accounting methods improved –Organization –Created new currency, got rid of old –Reestablished Bank of France

18. The Napoleonic Codes Codified laws Reorganizes all laws 5 Codes emerge –Civil Code (Code Napoleon) –Civil and criminal procedure –Commercial and penal codes France legally and judicially uniform Legal equality New law of property Set legal framework for private enterprise Gave divorce

19. End Worst evils gone Old regime done Secure Aristocrats rallying Working class calmed down Most of what 3 rd E wanted in 1789 was new codified and enforced –Not democratic, but who cares! Stable! –Peace with papacy and all of Euro by 1802

20. Napoleon Popular 1802 new Plebiscite –Elected council for life! Constitution 1804 – passed by Plebiscite –“the govt of the republic is entrusted to an emperor” Consulate = EMPIRE!!! Napoleon Bonaparte = Napoleon I Emperor of French And now no one is safe...

21. MAP Napoleon’s conquests! Use pg 682 in Kagan as a guide Objectives –Show the territory Napoleon controlled directly –Show the territories Napoleon was allied with –Show the territories fighting against Napoleon –Identify major battles Waterloo Trafalgar Leipzig Moscow Toulouse