1. Syllabus Office HW 304 Office Hours: M,W 8-9 am, 4-5 pm, 12-4 pm, F 8-9 10-11am Office Phone (235-4737) E-mail: nschmidt@pittstate.edu

2. Syllabus Bio 257-01 A & P (3 Cr. Hours) Prerequisites: Bio 111, 112, or 211 & 212 Lecture Text: VanPutte, Regan, and Russo. 2013. Essentials of A & P 8 th ed. by McGraw-Hill Grading Scale: 90%(+)-100% = A 80%-89%(+) = B 70%-79%(+) = C 60%-69%(+) = D < 60% = F

3. Unit I: Day 1 Topics: Chapter 1 Introduction to A & P Anatomy vs Physiology Levels of Organization General Body Plan Homeostasis

4. Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

5. Why are we here? Obviously, to learn about human anatomy and physiology. But, what does that mean? To start, let’s look at the meaning of each word: 1. What’s a human? 2. What’s anatomy? 3. What’s physiology?

6. What are humans? Organisms are classified as human because they are: Animals Vertebrates Possess backbones Mammals Possess: Mammary glands Hair The ability to generate heat internally (i.e., Endothermy) Teeth w/ different shapes and functions (i.e., Heterodonty) Three middle ear bones.

7. What are humans? Primates Possess: Opposable thumbs (can you touch your pinky with your thumb?). What advantage does this confer? 2 clavicles (collarbones) Only 2 mammary glands. Why only 2? (Think about the # of kids a woman normally gives birth to.) Forward facing eyes with stereoscopic vision for depth perception Hominids Bipedal (walk on 2 legs) Possess a large brain size/body size ratio

8. What is anatomy? Anatomy is defined as the study of… Structure refers to the shapes, sizes, and characteristics of the components of the human body. The word anatomy comes from 2 words: Ana which means “up or apart” Tomos which means “to cut”

9. Types of Anatomy We can divide our study of structure into 2 parts: Study of structures seen by the naked eye (Gross Anatomy). Study of structures seen ONLY with the microscope (Microanatomy). We can divide microanatomy into: Histology – study of tissues Cytology – study of individual cells.

10. Physiology Physiology is defined as the study of function – so human physiology attempts to explain how and why humans function. Physiology is where we figure out how structures/systems works. How do muscles contract? How do we run? How does our heart beat? Go Buffs!!!!

11. Anatomy = structure of body parts and their relationship Anatomy = structure of body parts and their relationship Physiology = function Physiology = function Physiology is related to anatomy (function is related to structure) Physiology is related to anatomy (function is related to structure) Summary of Anatomy vs Physiology

12. Some Important Themes hierarchical 1. Biology is hierarchical with each level building on the level below it. emergent properties. 2. Each level of biological structure has emergent properties. 3. Cells are an organism’s basic unit of structure and function. 4. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization!!!!!!!! dynamic balance 5. Regulatory mechanisms ensure a dynamic balance in living systems.

13. Levels of Organization To understand how something is built and how something works, you must look at all of its components and analyze them both individually and together. By separate and collective analysis, examine things at multiple structural levels, i.e., one must break them down from large to small – this is called reductionism An organism (such as a human being) may be broken down as illustrated on the left. Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

14. Body’s 6 Levels of Organization: Body’s 6 Levels of Organization: Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

15. Levels of Structure The chemical level is the lowest level of organization and least complex. atoms are the building blocks of matter molecules are made of two or more atoms organelles are made of highly organized molecules Organelles themselves are made of macromolecules and macromolecules are polymers of smaller molecules that consist of atoms of various chemical elements. All cells are made up of organelles and various macromolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids). Different types of cells have different features due to the unique distribution and types of organelles. The cell is the basic structural & functional unit of life All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The human body contains approx. 100 trillion cells. There are about 200 different types of cells in the human body.

16. A Prototypical Cell

17. Important Organelles Plasma Membrane → Separates the cell exterior from the cell interior (cytoplasm). Nucleus → Membrane bound structure that contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that is the set of instructions for the synthesis of all the body’s proteins. CAN YOU SEE THE NUCLEUS AND THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IN THE CELL TO THE RIGHT? CAN YOU SEE THE NUCLEUS AND THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IN THE CELL TO THE RIGHT? Mitochondria → Structure bound by a double membrane and the site at which the energy stored in sugars and other organic molecules is transferred to ATP, the chemical which acts as the “currency” for energy in the cell. Ribosomes → Not bound by a membrane. Sites of protein synthesis. May be free – floating in the cytoplasm – or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.

18. Important Organelles Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum → Membranous set of tubes with ribosomes studded along its surface. Site of the synthesis of proteins that are destined to be exported from the cell. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum → ER w/o the attached ribosomes. Site of cellular lipid synthesis, among other things. Golgi Apparatus → Membrane bound organelle responsible for determining the direction of proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Lysosomes → Membrane bound organelle that houses digestive enzymes that can be used to break down ingested toxins or worn out cell parts.

19. More Levels of Organization tissues tissues consist of a group of cells similar in structure & function Similar cells and cell products come together to form 4 primary tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, & nervous organ An organ is made of two or more tissue types with specific functions e.g., Lung, Stomach, Heart, Liver, Ear etc.

20. More Levels of Organization organ system An organ system is a group of related organs that all contribute to a particular function (i.e., they have a unique collective function). There are 11 of these systems in the human body: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive

21. Integumentary System Structures: -Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands Functions: - Forms the external body covering - Protects deeper tissues from injury - Involved in vitamin D synthesis - Prevents dehydration, heat loss, and pathogen entry - Site of pain and pressure receptors

22. Skeletal System Structures: The 206 bones of the human body Functions: Protects and supports body organs What characteristics might bone have that allows it to support and protect? Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement Hemopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells) Mineral storage Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of what mineral? (Hint  you can get this mineral from drinking milk)

23. Muscular System Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body Functions: Locomotion Manipulation of the environment Maintaining posture Thermogenesis (generation of heat)

24. Nervous System Structures: Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves Functions: Fast-acting control system of the body Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity

25. Endocrine System Structures: Hormone-secreting glands Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart Functions: Long-term control system of the body Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.

26. Cardiovascular System Structures: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) Functions: The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels. Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O 2, CO 2 ), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.

27. Lymphatic/Immune System Structures: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow Functions: Returns fluid back to the bloodstream Disposal of debris Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms)

28. Respiratory System Structures: Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Functions: Constantly supplies the blood with O 2, and CO 2 removal Regulate blood pH

29. Digestive System Structures: Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder Functions: Intake (ingestion) and subsequent breakdown (digestion) of food into absorbable units that can enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

30. Urinary System Structures: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Functions: Removal of nitrogenous wastes Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity

31. Reproductive System Structures: Male: Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis Female: Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands Functions: Production of offspring

32. Levels of Organization Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Organismic level  Organismic level  most complex  Organism-any living thing considered as a whole  bacterium to human  Human – complex of organ systems mutually dependent on one another  Most important common feature of all organisms is LIFE

33. Why Are Levels of Structure Important? In A & P you study all levels and try to learn how they work together to create structures and allow them to function. In essence, the combination of these different yet connected levels allows life to proceed. But be aware of emergent properties. Structures are often much more than simply a sum of their parts. Consider a hammer made of a head and a handle. Each piece by itself is of little use to drive a nail – together though, they perform the task quite easily. Consider table salt – sodium chloride (NaCl). By themselves, chlorine is a poisonous gas and sodium an explosive metal. But when bonded together, they create something much, much different. You need to be aware of emergent properties and be able to reduce structures to their component parts.

34. Can Anatomy & Physiology Really Be Separated? NOPE!!!!! Absolutely not! Structure and function are undeniably connected. You cannot separate them. What do we mean by this? Sometimes it helps to think of processes/structures at their extremes. Can you eat soup with a fork? Do you eat a garden salad w/ a spoon? When you consider the structure of an cell, organ or anything for that matter you must also consider its function!

35. Stayin’ Alive Your body has about 100 trillion cells in it. For your life to NOT end abruptly, these cells need to have the correct amount of: Oxygen Nutrients Waste removal Heat Ions (sodium, calcium, etc.) Lots of other factors, fluids, and controlled conditions

36. The Cell’s Environment in surrounding extracellular fluid In order to keep the right amounts of substances in the cells, the body ensures that all the fluid surrounding our cells (i.e., the extracellular fluid) has the right assortment and concentration of nutrients, ions, etc. The cells and the fluid surrounding our cells are maintained in dynamically stable environment via a process called HOMEOSTASIS.

37. Homeostasis Remember the body needs to have the right amount of factors and fluids etc. (i.e., temperature, blood [glucose], pH etc.) at all times in order to function properly. Let’s refer to the factors as “variables”(i.e., their values can change) Note: the brackets around the word glucose in the above paragraph mean “concentration of glucose,” i.e., how much glucose is dissolved in a particular fluid (amt. of glucose/unit vol. of blood in this case)

38. Homeostasis Maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body in spite of the changing external conditions (staying the same). Homeostatic mechanisms  control homeostasis Stressors produce changes in the body Mechanisms such as sweating or shivering normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value or set point. Imbalance of homeostasis produces various disorders or diseases. Disruption by disease (dz) sometimes results in death

39. HomeostasicMechanisms: Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parts include: controlled condition(s) - body temp., blood glucose, blood pressure receptors - sense changes control center - brain or endocrine system receives information & responds effectors - produces desired response

40. HomeostasicMechanisms: Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Often called feed back loops = response produced by effectors is fed back to the brain (control center) 2 types of feedback Negative feedback Positive feedback

41. Negative Feedback VS returns body back to homeostasis or back toward normal produces a response in opposite (negative) direction of the stressor examples: body temp, blood sugar, blood pressure  numerous eg. exist pulls body further away from homeostasis produces a response in the same (positive) direction as the stressor produces a rapid effect examples: labor, blood sugar (diabetes), lactation  less numerous Positive Feedback