1. The End of Empire Ch. 37

2. Independence in Asia

3. India’s Partitioned Independence The Coming Of Self-Rule Partition and Violence Nonalignment The economic devastation of the war made less likely for Britain to hold on to India. Ali Jinnah, leader of Muslim League called continued to call for a separate Muslim state- Pakistan Argued communalism- religious over national identity Gandhi did not like the idea of partitioning India but reluctantly accepted it. The division of the state was hostile for a time but huge in terms of decolonization India’s decolonization would lead to anti- imperial movements in Africa and Asia New decolonized and developed African and Asia countries chose non-alignment. Non-alignment-not choosing the U.S. or Soviet Union side during the Cold War Non-alignment was considered the 3 rd world. Goal was to be neutral

4. Nationalist Struggle in Vietnam Fighting the French The Geneva Conference and Partial Independence Vietnam’s “American War” Vietnamese Victory After Japan conquered Vietnam in WWII this got rid of French rule. Ho Chih Minh- Vietnam’s communist leader go rid of the Japanese in the end of WWII An attempt by French forces to recapture Vietnam was made but not successful Viet Minh received support from China. The Geneva Conference split Vietnam in two. North was communists South noncommunists Violating conference terms of elections, the U.S. put in a gov’t that would support anti- communism National Liberation Front was created to fight for the freedom of S. Vietnam Received aid, weapons and troops from the north Lack of support of S. Vietnam’s leader and gov’t gave an advantage to Vietnamese nationalists. Pres. Lyndon Johnson attempted to put down the North and the Viet Cong but was not successful As opposition to the war grew in the U.S. Nixon imposed the idea of Vietnamization Continued bombing in surrounding countries as well as in North Vietnam U.S. troops began to withdraw Eventually N. Vietnam was successful in uniting Vietnam into one nation

5. Arab National States and the Problem of Palestine Arab Independence Palestine The Creation of Israel Although some SW Asian countries gained their independence. Superpowers tended to interfere due to vasts amounts of oil reserves in the area.. Palestine was under the mandate of Grt. Britain after WWI. Balfour Declaration- supported a Jewish homeland in Palestine Jews began to migrate to Palestine and promised to protect the Arabs. As surrounding Arab lands were gaining their independence this prompted Palestine to do the same (pan-Arab nationalism) and oppose any Jewish homeland Palestinian Jews and the Holocaust pushed Jews to fight for a homeland of their own. British could not decide who was right between the Palestinians and the Jews. Both were pushing for their own independence. British gave up an turned the area over to the UN. UN decided to split Palestine into two states. Arabs in and out of Palestine didn’t agree and led to civil war Jews in 1948 created the independent state of Israel This led to decades of Israeli-Palestinian conflict Israel increased its size beyond original borders creating Palestinian refugees Intifada-demonstrations, strikes, riots on the Gaza strip.

6. Arab National States and the Problem of Palestine cont’d Egypt and Arab Nationalism The Suez Crisis Egyptian military leader Gamel Abdel Nasser opposed Israel and wanted to lead the Arab world. Nasser overthrew Egyptian leader Farouk and took over as Prime minister. He practiced the idea of non- alignment, but used was able to garner political and economic assistance from the U.S. and Soviet Union He got rid of military rights to the Suez Canal He wanted to create a Pan-Arab nationalism Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Used money to create a dam of the Nile River at Aswan. An attempt to regain the Canal was made but not support by the Cold War superpowers. SW Asia appeared to be successful at getting rid of all imperial control and creating their own nations.

7. Decolonization in Africa

8. Forcing the French out of North Africa France in AfricaWar in Algeria Frantz Fanon France gave up other African possessions in order to control Algeria After WWII there was a revitalized national movement and desire to be independent from France and white settlers French colonial police shot into peaceful protests 8000 Algerian Muslims died Algerian liberation started in 1954 with the help of the FLN They used similar guerilla warfare to that of Asian countries FLN moved into more urbanized areas Algerian soldiers had to kill other Algerians Civilians caught in the crossfire. Algerian revolutionary who believed in using violent methods Supported African nationalism Urged violence against colonial oppressors to overcome racist degradation

9. Black African Nationalism and Independence Growth of African Nationalism African Independence Celebration of African culture Protests against European imperialism Workers stroked against imperial low wages Negritude movement encouraged Africanness and to turn away from European culture After WWII African independence from imperial powers came slowly. Assumption that Africa was incapable of self-government

10. Freedom and Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa GhanaAnticolonial Rebellion Internal Colonialism in South Africa Apartheid and End of Apartheid After Ghana, gained independence it inspired other African lands to do the same Nkrumah-Ghana leader- spread pan-African ideas Kenya was difficult to decolonize Clashes existed between white settlers and nationalists that were at times violent Colonizers viewed them as communists Tensions came before independence movement British were able to keep nationalists down but many saw the grievance in Kenya 1960 it negotiated its independence White settlers slowed down black freedom White settlers were able to control black communities due to government instituted apartheid-separateness It asserted white supremacy and institutionalized segregation Blacks were subordinate in all facets of society African National Congress (ANC) gained support in Nelson Mandela-called for multi-racial democratic rule 1989 Apartheid system begins to dismantle

11. After Independence: Long term struggles in the Postcolonial Era

12. Communism and Democracy in Asia Mao’s China The Cultural Revolution Deng’s Revolution Mao unifies China since the Qin Dynasty Makes it communist Focus on rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture Five Year Plan- improve infrastructure, heavy industry Redistribution of land Great Leap Forward- Collectivize all land, manage business and industry collectively- FAILED Most affected by failure-farmers Great Proletariat Revolution Root out “revisionism” Led to humiliation, persecution and death The “elite” (teachers, intellectuals, professionals, managers) were the targets Cultural revolution did not end until Mao’s death Suffered through the Cultural Revolution Deng came into power in 1981 and ushered in a period of normalization Came into the international financial and trading system.

13. Communism and Democracy in Asia Tiananmen Square Indian Democracy Under Deng China will become more capitalistic Sent students to democratic countries to rebuild their “elite” Student began pro-democratic protests when they returned Deng felt threatened and immediately crackdown on these protests. China maintains political control and economic growth and development After its independence India was one of the few countries that maintained political stability and democracy 1966-1977 prime minister Indira Ghandi introduces the Green Revolution Green Revolution-increased agricultural yields As opposition to the gov’t grew democratic processes were suspended and strict birth control policies established When democratic processes began she lost due to the strict policies and poor gov’t Problems still exist: overpopulation, poverty and sectarian division

14. Islamic Resurgence in SW Asia and North Africa Islamism The Iranian Revolution The Iran-Iraq War Muslims wanted to apply Islamic values into their political and social sphere Muslims became skeptical of European and American models of economic development, political and cultural norms Some Muslims have brought about change through peaceful means while others have been more extreme Jihad-right to defend Islam and the Islamic community CIA brings in to power Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi into Iran U.S. providing aid to Iran in various ways Shah had a secular regime Shia Muslims did not like the U.S. economic influence Shah fled the country and Ayatollah Khomeini takes power Shia’s capture 69 hostages from U.S. embassy Iranian leaders begin to shut down any U.S. influence, economic or military Saddam Hussien-Iraq leader, attacks Iran. Killed as many as 1 million soldiers Islamists strictness relaxed in the 90s Resurgence of it in the 21 st century though with the conservative leaders. Saddam attacked Kuwait in the early 90s but was defeated in the Gulf War by the U.S. and other coalition forces.

15. Colonial Legacies in Sub-Saharan Africa As colonial rule disappeared in Africa so did the borders Borders were often artificial and did not create adequate divisiveness (based on ethnicity or nationality) Decolonization often led to civil wars and border disputes Although, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) attempted to prevent and calm conflict it had no real power to assert its authority. Many newly formed countries in Africa have led to dictatorial rule As a result much poverty and poor social programs exist in Africa Although Africa is mineral rich it lacks the resources necessary for exploitation of the minerals Africa still attempts to create a better participation in the global economy

16. Politics and Economic in Latin America Mexico ArgentinaJuan PeronEvita Pres. Lazaro Cardenas was one of the Mexican Presidents that actually implemented reform He nationalized the oil industry in Mexico (PEMEX) The brought decades of economic prosperity PRI party was introduced and experimented with economic strategies that would help or hurt the economy Expansive economy Boom urban life Less dependent on U.S. control Held free elections Not a very positive form of gov’t Brutal military leaders Former colonel who became president Popular Called for nationalist populism, industrialization, support of working class, economic protection from foreigners. Juan Peron’s wife Well liked by Argentinians Helped the poor and the sick Created the Eva Peron foundation

17. Politics and Economic in Latin America Guatemala and Nicaragua Liberation for Nations and Women The Search for Economic Equity Dependency Theory Guatemalan Pres. Guzman attempted to assert control over his land by seizing uncultivated land from private companies U.S. felt he was spreading communism CIA engineered overthrow, with continued support Armas forced Guzman’s fall. Led to civil war Somoza led of Nicaragua, U.S. supporter Sandinistas, opposition of Somoza led guerrila attacks to overthrow Somoza family Reagan supports counter revolutionaries, the Contra Costa Rica helps to end the Contra war Women in Latin American countries were able to fight for their rights AMNLAE Led to suffrage in some countries Economic problems continued Colonial elites still maintained power and often saw the support of the U.S. Revolution would be necessary for change with the poor After WWII L. American nations took advantage of world markets Pursued industrial development Sustained economic growth in exports w/foreign markets L. American economies saw the need to reorient away from exports Dependency theory- developed industrial nations dominated the international economy and profited at the expense of less developed and industrialized nations burdened with the export- oriented unbalanced economies