1. The Roots of Progressivism

2. Progressivism Not a unified political movement, but rather a broad range of reform movements Not a unified political movement, but rather a broad range of reform movements Rejected Social Darwinism, laissez-faire economics, & Individualism Rejected Social Darwinism, laissez-faire economics, & Individualism Blamed industrialization & urbanization for the filth, crime, and poverty of American cities, yet embraced the power of science and technology to build a better society Blamed industrialization & urbanization for the filth, crime, and poverty of American cities, yet embraced the power of science and technology to build a better society Believed change can only come through government regulation of the economy and providing direct help to those in need Believed change can only come through government regulation of the economy and providing direct help to those in need Progressives tended to be urban, educated, middle-class Americans Progressives tended to be urban, educated, middle-class Americans Leadership came from journalists, educators, social workers, and the clergy Leadership came from journalists, educators, social workers, and the clergy

3. Muckrakers Journalists who investigate social conditions, unfair business practices, and political corruption (today, this is called “investigative journalism”) Journalists who investigate social conditions, unfair business practices, and political corruption (today, this is called “investigative journalism”) Term first coined by Theodore Roosevelt in a 1906 speech Term first coined by Theodore Roosevelt in a 1906 speech

4. Ida Tarbell 1857 – 1944 1857 – 1944 Magazine journalist Magazine journalist Wrote The History of Standard Oil Company (1904), an expose of Rockefeller’s unethical business practices Wrote The History of Standard Oil Company (1904), an expose of Rockefeller’s unethical business practices For many Americans, this was their first lesson in the dangers of trusts and monopolies For many Americans, this was their first lesson in the dangers of trusts and monopolies

5. Charles Edward Russell 1860 – 1941 1860 – 1941 Journalist Journalist Exposed the conditions in Chicago’s stockyards, badly damaging the reputation of the beef industry Exposed the conditions in Chicago’s stockyards, badly damaging the reputation of the beef industry One of the founders of the NAACP in 1909 One of the founders of the NAACP in 1909 Later became a socialist, ran for office in NY Later became a socialist, ran for office in NY

6. David Graham Phillips 1867 – 1911 1867 – 1911 Journalist / Novelist Journalist / Novelist Exposed how campaign contributions had led to corruption in the Senate; the public uproar that followed led to the passage of the 17 th Amendment, changing how Senators are elected Exposed how campaign contributions had led to corruption in the Senate; the public uproar that followed led to the passage of the 17 th Amendment, changing how Senators are elected Shot and killed by a man who believed Phillips’ exposé had led to the downfall of his family’s reputation Shot and killed by a man who believed Phillips’ exposé had led to the downfall of his family’s reputation

7. Lincoln Steffens 1846 – 1936 1846 – 1936 Journalist Journalist Wrote The Shame of the Cities (1904), an exposé on political corruption within the US’ major cities Wrote The Shame of the Cities (1904), an exposé on political corruption within the US’ major cities Later became a communist, declaring after a visit to the Soviet Union in 1919: “I've seen the future, and it works” Later became a communist, declaring after a visit to the Soviet Union in 1919: “I've seen the future, and it works”

8. Jacob Riis 1840 – 1914 1840 – 1914 Danish immigrant Danish immigrant Worked as a journalist and crime scene photographer Worked as a journalist and crime scene photographer Wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890): Used photographs to expose the squalor and horrible living conditions in the tenements and slums of NYC Wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890): Used photographs to expose the squalor and horrible living conditions in the tenements and slums of NYC Worked with then NYC police-commissioner Theodore Roosevelt to effect reforms within the NYPD Worked with then NYC police-commissioner Theodore Roosevelt to effect reforms within the NYPD

9. Progressive Philosophers

10. Henry George 1839 – 1897 1839 – 1897 Wrote Progress and Poverty (1879) Wrote Progress and Poverty (1879) Argued that a gap was opening up between the rich and poor due to industrialization Argued that a gap was opening up between the rich and poor due to industrialization Wanted government to tax the wealthy (through property taxes) to raise the money for social programs to help the poor Wanted government to tax the wealthy (through property taxes) to raise the money for social programs to help the poor Also supported free trade, limits on Chinese immigration, use of secret ballots in voting Also supported free trade, limits on Chinese immigration, use of secret ballots in voting Died of a stroke while running for mayor of New York – over 100,000 people attended his funeral! Died of a stroke while running for mayor of New York – over 100,000 people attended his funeral!

11. Lester Frank Ward 1841 – 1913 1841 – 1913 Wrote Dynamic Sociology (1883) Wrote Dynamic Sociology (1883) Used Darwin’s ideas to argue that humans were different from animals because of the ability to think and plan; we succeed not because of the ability to compete, but rather because we have the ability to cooperate (through government) Used Darwin’s ideas to argue that humans were different from animals because of the ability to think and plan; we succeed not because of the ability to compete, but rather because we have the ability to cooperate (through government) This idea is called Reform Darwinism This idea is called Reform Darwinism

12. Edward Bellamy 1850 – 1898 1850 – 1898 Wrote Looking Backward, 2000 – 1887 (1888) Wrote Looking Backward, 2000 – 1887 (1888) Predicted a future where the US has become a utopia – no crime, poverty, or politics, government owns all industry and distributes wealth equally Predicted a future where the US has become a utopia – no crime, poverty, or politics, government owns all industry and distributes wealth equally His cousin wrote the Pledge of Allegiance His cousin wrote the Pledge of Allegiance Died of tuberculosis Died of tuberculosis

13. Naturalists Group of novelists who argued that, contrary to “survival of the fittest,” sometimes people fail through no fault of their own – they are caught up in circumstances that they can’t control; part of the Realism movement Group of novelists who argued that, contrary to “survival of the fittest,” sometimes people fail through no fault of their own – they are caught up in circumstances that they can’t control; part of the Realism movement

14. Stephen Crane 1871 – 1900 1871 – 1900 Wrote Maggie, A Girl of the Streets (1893): tale of a girl forced by family circumstances into prostitution and death Wrote Maggie, A Girl of the Streets (1893): tale of a girl forced by family circumstances into prostitution and death Also wrote The Red Badge of Courage (1895), the short-story The Open Boat Also wrote The Red Badge of Courage (1895), the short-story The Open Boat Died of tuberculosis which he contracted while covering the Spanish- American War Died of tuberculosis which he contracted while covering the Spanish- American War

15. Jack London 1876 – 1916 1876 – 1916 Author of The Call of the Wild (1903) Author of The Call of the Wild (1903) Wrote stories of man’s struggle against the uncontrollable power of nature Wrote stories of man’s struggle against the uncontrollable power of nature Also a socialist Also a socialist Was his death a suicide? Was his death a suicide?

16. Theodore Dreiser 1871 – 1945 1871 – 1945 Wrote Sister Carrie (1900): a story of how sex and wealth can slowly corrupt the innocent without them even being aware of it Wrote Sister Carrie (1900): a story of how sex and wealth can slowly corrupt the innocent without them even being aware of it Devoted socialist Devoted socialist

17. The Social Gospel 1870 – 1920 1870 – 1920 Work to improve society through the biblical ideals of charity and justice Work to improve society through the biblical ideals of charity and justice Primarily church-centered Primarily church-centered Churches began to evolve from being simply places of worship to being community centers and taking on missions designed to help the poor – provide gyms, social programs, day care Churches began to evolve from being simply places of worship to being community centers and taking on missions designed to help the poor – provide gyms, social programs, day care

18. The Salvation Army Began in England in 1865 as the Christian Mission, spread to US in 1880 Began in England in 1865 as the Christian Mission, spread to US in 1880 Dedicated to “The advancement of the Christian religion as promulgated in the religious doctrines... the advancement of education, the relief of poverty, and other charitable objects beneficial to society or the community of mankind as a whole.” Dedicated to “The advancement of the Christian religion as promulgated in the religious doctrines... the advancement of education, the relief of poverty, and other charitable objects beneficial to society or the community of mankind as a whole.”

19. The YMCA The Young Men’s Christian Association The Young Men’s Christian Association Began in England in 1844, spread quickly throughout US Began in England in 1844, spread quickly throughout US Aim was to help urban workers by offering Bible studies, prayer meetings, citizenship classes Aim was to help urban workers by offering Bible studies, prayer meetings, citizenship classes Facilities included gyms, pools, libraries, auditoriums, and temporary low-cost lodging Facilities included gyms, pools, libraries, auditoriums, and temporary low-cost lodging

20. Jane Addams 1860 – 1935 1860 – 1935 Founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago Founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago First woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize First woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize Supported the idea that Christians have a moral responsibility to fix society’s problems & help the less fortunate Supported the idea that Christians have a moral responsibility to fix society’s problems & help the less fortunate

21. Settlement Houses Most famous settlement house = Chicago’s Hull House Most famous settlement house = Chicago’s Hull House Middle class “settlers” moved into working class neighborhoods to help provide education, meals, childcare, medical care, and general advice to immigrants and poor workers Middle class “settlers” moved into working class neighborhoods to help provide education, meals, childcare, medical care, and general advice to immigrants and poor workers

22. Public Education Industrialization increased demand for a trained, educated workforce Industrialization increased demand for a trained, educated workforce Schools were also necessary for Americanizing immigrants’ children: they learned English, US History, patriotism, responsibilities of citizenship Schools were also necessary for Americanizing immigrants’ children: they learned English, US History, patriotism, responsibilities of citizenship

23. School to Work Pipeline Schools were used to teach the traits necessary to succeed in the industrial workforce: punctuality, attendance, neatness, efficiency, attention to detail, obedience to authority Schools were used to teach the traits necessary to succeed in the industrial workforce: punctuality, attendance, neatness, efficiency, attention to detail, obedience to authority High schools offered a variety of technical and vocational skills High schools offered a variety of technical and vocational skills

24. Public Universities Due to the Morrill Land Grant Act, the number of public universities rose dramatically Due to the Morrill Land Grant Act, the number of public universities rose dramatically Between 1870 and 1890, the number of American students in college tripled Between 1870 and 1890, the number of American students in college tripled New colleges opened aimed specifically at educating female and black students New colleges opened aimed specifically at educating female and black students