1. Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Definitions: Foreshadowing: To foreshadow means to indicate or suggest something that is going to happen later, either good or bad. Reasons: 1. to build tension and suspense to keep their readers engaged until the conflict is revealed. 2. to enhance the emotional gratification the reader or audience feels at the end of a story. 3. this literary tool ties the beginning of the story to the end producing structural and thematic unity. ex. the chestnut tree under which Rochester proposes to Jane. Before they leave, Jane mentions that it “writhed and groaned,” and that night, it splits in two, forecasting complications for Jane and Rochester’s relationship (Chapter 23).

2. Gothic Romance: is a genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance.horrorromance Elements: supernatural encounters, remote locations, complicated family histories, ancient manor houses, dark secrets, and mysteries to create an atmosphere of suspense and terror, women in distress or isolated. ex: Jane’s encounter with the ghost of her late Uncle Reed in the red-room; the moment of supernatural communication between Jane and Rochester when she hears his voice calling her across the misty heath from miles and miles away; and Jane’s mistaking Rochester’s dog, Pilot, for a “Gytrash,” a spirit of North England that manifests itself as a horse or dog.

3. Bildungsroman: Scholars consider the Bildungsroman, or apprenticeship novel, the most significant German contribution to the novel genre. Used to describe works that deal with the psychological growth of a central character from adolescence to maturity. Ex: Jane’s character growth from Gateshead to Lowood to Thornfield.

4. Byronic Hero: The Byronic hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron. It is a variant of a Romantic hero. Major characteristics: 1. arrogant. 2. Emotionally conflicted, moody. 3. Having a distaste for social institutions and norms. 4. Having a troubled past. 5. Mysterious, magnetic and charismatic. 6. Treated as an exile, outcast. 7. Seductive and sexually attractive.

5. Realism Vs Romanticism Realism : began in the 19 th C. Realistic fiction is often opposed to romantic fiction: the romance is said to present life as we would have it be, more picturesque, more adventurous, more heroic than the actual; realism, to present an accurate imitation of life as it is. The typical realist sets out to write a fiction which will give the illusion that it reflects life and the social world as it seems to the common reader. To achieve this effect the author prefers as protagonist an ordinary citizen of Middletown, living on Main Street, perhaps, and engaged in the real estate business. The realist, in other words, is deliberately selective in material and prefers the average, the commonplace, and the everyday over the rarer aspects of the social.

6. Romanticism: In England, Romanticism had its greatest influence from the end of the eighteenth century up through about 1870. Romanticism is concerned with the individual more than with society. An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

7. Id, ego, super-ego Id: The id is the unorganized part of the personality structure that contains a human's basic, instinctual drives. Id is the only component of personality that is present from birth [2]. The id contains the libido, which is the primary source of instinctual force that is unresponsive to the demands of reality. Ego: The ego acts according to the reality principle; i.e. it seeks to please the id’s drive in realistic ways that will benefit in the long term rather than bring grief. The ego separates out what is real. It helps us to organize our thoughts and make sense of them and the world around us.

8. Super-ego: The super-ego aims for perfection. [18] It comprises that organized part of the personality structure, mainly but not entirely unconscious, that includes the individual's ego ideals, spiritual goals, and the psychic agency (commonly called "conscience") that criticizes and prohibits his or her drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions. "The Super-ego can be thought of as a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt. The super-ego works in contradiction to the id.

9. The Mad Woman in the Attic by Gilbert and Gubar The Madwoman in the Attic (1979) was one of the three most transformative works of American literary criticism of the late twentieth century. Along with Edward Said's Orientalism (1978) and Eve Sedgwick's Between Men (1985). According to Gilbert and Gubar, all female characters in male- authored books can be categorized as either the “angel” or the “monster.” The “angel” character was pure, dispassionate, and submissive; in other words, the ideal female figure in a male-dominated society. the “monster” female character was sensual, passionate, rebellious, and decidedly uncontrollable: all qualities that caused a great deal of anxiety among men during the Victorian period.