1. SMJE 2103 Electrical Power System
3- Ph Power Apparatus

2. Power Apparatus Transmission Lines Transformers Circuit Breaker
Switchgear
Rotating Machine (Generator – Motor)

3. Transformer Introduction to power TX Connection Types and symbol
Functionality
Application
Structure
Material
Equivalent Circuit
Testing
3-Phase Tx

4. Transformer
Step up
Step down
Distribution Tx
Special purpose (PT, CT)

5. Transformer

6. Transformer -Connection Types and Symbol

7. Transformer -Connection Types and Symbol

8. Transformer -Connection Types and Symbol

9. Transformer -Connection Types and Symbol

10. Transformer -Connection Types and Symbol

11. Transformer -Operation (Ideal x – Turn Ratio)-

12. Transformer -Operation (Ideal Tx – Power)-
Pin = Vp Ip cos θp
Pout = Vs Is cos θ
Also, Vs = Vp/a and Is = a Ip
Pout = Vs Is cos θs
θp - θs = θ
Pout = Vp Ip cos θ = Pin
Also same for power Q and power S

13. Transformer -Operation (Ideal x – Impedance)-

14. Transformer -Operation (Ideal x – Impedance)-
ZL’ = a2 ZL

15. Transformer -Operation (Ideal Tx – Analysis)-
If the power system is exactly as described above in Figure (a), what will the voltage at the load be? What will the transmission line losses be?
(b) Suppose a 1:10 step-up transformer is placed at the generator end of the transmission line and a 10:1 step-down transformer is placed at the load end of the line (Figure (b)). What will the load voltage be now? What will the transmission line losses be now?

16. Transformer -Operation (Real Tx - flux)-
Flux generated
The flux from each coil
Average flux level

17. Transformer -Operation (Real Tx – Voltage Across)-
Pri or sec voltage due to mutual flux
Primary Side:
Hence,
Relationship, Vp and Vs
Or rewritten,

18. Transformer -Operation (Real Tx – Magnetization)-
Magnetization current, iM
– current required to produce flux in the core.
Core-loss current, ih+e
– current required to compensate
hysteresis and eddy current losses.

19. Transformer -Application-

20. Transformer -Application-

21. Transformer -Application-

22. Transformer -Structure-

23. Transformer -Structure (Shell Form)-

24. Transformer -Structure (Core Form)-

25. Transformer -Structure-

26. Transformer -Structure-

27. Transformer -Material-
Copper conductors
Silicon iron/laminated piece of steel – eddy current
Oil
Insulation materials

28. Transformer -Equivalent Circuit-

29. Transformer -Equivalent Circuit (simplified)-

30. Transformer -Equivalent Circuit (simplified)-

31. Example/Tutorial
The secondary winding of a transformer has a terminal voltage of vs(t) sin 377t V. The turns ratio of the transformer is 100:200 (a = 0.5). If the secondary current of the transformer is is(t) =7.07 sin (377t o) A, what is the primary current of this transformer? What are its voltage regulation and efficiency? The impedances of this transformer referred to the primary side are

32. Transformer -Testing-
To know the value of the inductance and resistance

33. Transformer -Short circuit test-
Power factor, PF = cos θ = PSC / VSC ISC (lagging)
The series impedance ZSE = Req + jXeq
= (RP + a2 RS) + j(XP + a2 XS)

34. Transformer -Open circuit test-
Power factor, PF = cos θ = PSC / VSC ISC (lagging)
The series impedance ZSE = Req + jXeq
= (RP + a2 RS) + j(XP + a2 XS)

35. Transformer -Equivalent Circuit (Example)-
The equivalent circuit impedances of a 20kVA, 8000/240V, 60Hz transformer are to be determined. The open circuit test and the short circuit test were performed on the primary side of the transformer, and the following data were taken:
Open circuit test (primary)
Short circuit test
VOC = 8000 V
VSC = 489 V
IOC = A
ISC = 2.5 A
POC = 400 W
PSC = 240 W
Find the impedance of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary side, and sketch the circuit.

36. Example/Tutorial
A 1000 VA 230/115 V transformer has been tested to determine its equivalent circuit. The results of the tests are shown below
All data given taken from the primary side of the transformer.
Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to low-voltage side of the transformer.
Find the transformer’s voltage regulation at rated conditions and (1) 0.8 PF lagging, (2) 1.0 PF, (3) 0.8 PF leading.
Determine the transformer’s efficiency at rated conditions and 0.8 PF lagging.

37. Transformer -Impulse voltage test-

38. Transformer - Voltage Regulation-

39. Transformer - Efficiency-
Types of losses incurred in a transformer:
Copper I2R losses
Hysteresis losses
Eddy current losses

40. 3-Phase Transformer
Transformers for 3-phase circuits can be constructed in two ways:
connect 3 single phase transformers
Three sets of windings wrapped around a common core
The primaries and secondaries of any three-phase transformer can be independently connected in either a wye (Y) or a delta (∆)
The important point to note when analyzing any 3-phase transformer is to look at a single transformer.
The impedance, voltage regulation, efficiency, and similar calculations for three phase transformers are done on a per-phase basis.