1. Theme: Muslim Scientific inventions

2. What does the word “distinguish” mean?
What is difference between discovery and invention?
What is synonym of the word “marvelous”?
Do you know any inventions?

7. How have these things come to our life? What is our religion?
What would happen if there were no planes?
Could we live healthy and long without medical science?
What is use of watches in our life?
How have these things come to our life?
What is our religion?
How is attitude of our religion towards science?

8. Muslim Scientific Inventions
Muslims made great scientific inventions.
Today we’ll get information about some of them.
The Telescope
Abul Hassan is known as the inventor of the Telescope. He called that telescope “Tube, to the extremities of which were attached dioptres”.

9. The Pendulum – was invented by Ibn Yunus, a genius in science
The Pendulum – was invented by Ibn Yunus, a genius in science. He was also an astronomer and made lots of observations not only in the field of physics but also in the field of astronomy.

11. The watch
First clocks and watches were made by Muslim scientists. The first watch was made by Kutbi, a renowned watchmaker of his time.
Taqi al-Din invented the “observational clock”, which he described as “a mechanical clock with three dials which show the hours, the minutes, and the seconds”. He used this for astronomical purposes, specifically for measuring the right ascension of the stars.
The first geared mechanical clocks were invented by the 11th century Arab engineer Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi from Islamic Spain.
Khalid al-Kaysarani constructed the first striking clock in 1154 as a part of clock tower, near the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria.

13. Gunpowder (guns & cannons)
Mir Fatelullah Khan is known to history as the inventor of gun and gunpowder. Medieval French reports suggest that Muslim armies also used explosives against the Sixth Crusade army led by Ludwig IV, Landgrave of Thuringia in the 13th century.
The first portable hand cannons (midfa) loaded with explosive gunpowder were used by the Egyptians to repel the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, and again in 1304.
Later, Nesri Tarihi in the 15th century states that the Ottoman army were regularly using guns and cannons at least The famous Janissary corps of the Ottoman army were using matchlock muskets as early as the 1440s.

15. Soap
True soap, made of vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics (such as thyme oil), invented by Al-Razi (Rhazes). Perfumed and colored soaps, and liquid and solid soaps were also invented by Muslim chemists.
Shampoo was invented by the Bengali Muslim Sake Dean Mahomet in 1759.
Perfume industry was established by Jabir ibn Hayyan and Al-Kindi.

17. Mathematics
In the field of mathematics, great experiments were carried out by Muslim mathematicians. It is actually the Muslims who developed and applied the algebra. We consider Al-Khawarizmi to be the father of algebra, because of his vital contribution to the subject.
After Al-Khawarizmi the first great mathematician and inventor of algebra, mathematics notably developed under others after him, especially Umar Khayyam.  
 Muslims were the first people to introduce the sine of arc in trigonometrically calculations, and it was the Muslims who invented spherical trigonometry. Muslims also discovered tangent functions and the discovery of zero was a big and invaluable contribution to the field of mathematics. Muslims organized numbers into the decimal system, to base ten, and also invented symbols to represent unknown numbers or quantities i.e. x.

19. The word “algorithm” is derived from Al-Khawarizmi’s name
The word “algorithm” is derived from Al-Khawarizmi’s name. Muslim mathematicians excelled in geometry, and it can be seen in their graphical art.
Al-Biruni was the one who established trigonometry as a distinct branch in mathematics, while other Muslim mathematicians excelled in mathematical theory.
In one way or another, mathematics is involved in nearly all subjects, from art to astrology, from medicine to geology. If it wasn’t for these Muslims, mathematics may never have flourished as it did under the Muslims.

20. Medical sciences
Muslim physicians invented a lot of medical treatments, including: plaster by Abu al-Qasim in Application of purified alcohol to wounds as an antiseptic agent in the 10th century.
First eye operation for treating cataracts was made by Muslim doctors. Vaccination was devised in the Muslim world.

21. Children in Turkey were vaccinated with cowpox to fight the deadly smallpox. Vaccination was brought to Europe from Turkey by the wife of the English ambassador to Istanbul in 1724, exactly seventy two years before Jenner and Pasteur discovered it. 
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi “the father of modern surgery” invented about 200 surgical instruments including scalpel, cautery and surgical needle.
First hospitals were built in in Damascus in 707 A.D. The first true Islamic hospital was built during the reign of Caliph Harun Er-Rashid. These hospitals served all people regardless of their race, religion, citizenship, or gender.

22. Chemistry
Muslim scientists made great inventions in the field of chemistry: Jabir ibn Hayyan “the father of chemistry” invented many chemicals including distilled alcohol, and established perfumery industry. Muslim chemists were first to invent pure distillation processes which could fully purify chemical substances.

23. They also invented different chemical processes: as steam distillation, oxidization, crystallization.
Steam distillation was invented by Ibn Sina in the 11th century for the purpose of producing essential oils.
It was Ibn Firnas, who thought of making glass from stone, after experimenting with rock crystal.

25. Attempts at flight
In 9th century in Islamic Spain, Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firnas) invented a primitive version of the parachute.
According to Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century, Lagari Hasan Çelebi launched himself in the air in a seven-winged rocket, which was composed of a large cage with a conical top filled with gunpowder. The flight was accomplished as a part of celebrations performed for the birth of Ottoman Emperor Murad IV's daughter in 1633.

27. Evliya reported that Lagari made a soft landing in the Bosporus by using the wings attached to his body as a parachute after the gunpowder was consumed. Lagari's flight was estimated to have lasted about twenty seconds and the maximum height reached was around 300 meters. This was the first known example of a manned rocket and aircraft. In the 20th century, Muslim rocket scientists from Soviet Central Asia were involved in research on astronautics and space exploration. Kerim Kerimov from Azerbaijan was one of the most important key figures in early space exploration. He was one of the founders of the Soviet space program.

28. I Group 1. Speak about Al-Khawarizmi.
2. Speak about Muslim mathematical inventions.

29. II Group
1. Speak about Ibn Sina
2. Muslim medical inventions.

30. III Group
1. Speak about Al-Biruni.
2. Muslim astronomical inventions.