1. Making Tourism Development
More Sustainable
                                              
INTERNATIONAL TASKFORCE ON SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
“MARRAKESH PROCESS”
Financing Tourism Development
3rd Meeting, Paris, December 2007
Luigi Cabrini
Director
Sustainable Development of Tourism
World Tourism Organization

2. International tourism, 2006 Tourist arrivals and receipts
International Tourist Arrivals (ITA)
846 million = +5.4%
International Tourism Receipts (ITR)
US$737 billion = +4.7%
461 million (+5%)
55% of World ITA
US $375 billion (+4%)
167 million (+8%)
US $155 billion (+10%)
41 million (+8%)
US $29 bn (+2%)
41 million (+8%)
US $24 billion (+10%)
136 million (+2%)
US $154 billion (+2%)

3. Tourism vs. other export categories

4. International Trade in Services 2006 International Tourism Receipts
Over US$ 2 billion a day in 2005

5. Tourism as Generator of Wealth Advanced Diversified Economies
Tourism as % of GDP
Advanced Diversified Economies
2-12 % of GDP
Small Island Economies and Developing Economies
up till 40% of GDP

6. Importance Tourism in Developing Countries
International Tourism Income (in billion US$)
1990
2000
2006
Growth rate
World
264
474
733
177 %
Developing Countries 43
122
222
416 %
Developing Countries (Market share)
16.3%
25.7%
30.3%
In 2006, international tourism arrivals in developing countries grew to over 39% of the world total, and international tourism receipts to 30%
Principal export sector in one third of the developing countries
First source of foreign exchange earnings in most of the 49 LDC’s (excluding oil)

7. International Tourist Arrivals, 1950-2020
Current situation and forecasts UNWTO Tourism 2020 Vision

8. Continuous expansion of tourism Need for the sustainable development
Need for the sustainable development of tourism
Continuous expansion of tourism
Increasing pressure on the environment of tourism destinations, global impacts
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Need for the sustainable development
of the tourism sector

9. All forms of tourism should be more sustainable
Both mass tourism and special interest segments
Make optimal use of environmental resources
Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserve tangible and intangible heritage
Ensure economically viable tourism businesses in the long term
Catalyzing benefits for communities, reducing leakages and strengthening linkages
Provide a high quality tourist experience, maintain high levels of satisfaction

10. 12 Aims of Sustainable Tourism
Economic viability
Local Prosperity
Employment Quality
Social Equity
Visitor Fulfillment
Local Control
Community Wellbeing
Cultural Richness
Physical Integrity
Biological Diversity
Resource Efficiency
Environmental Purity

11. Sustainable Development of Tourism
1. Economic viability To ensure the viability and competitiveness of tourism destinations and enterprises, so that they are able to continue to prosper and deliver benefits in the long term.
2. Local Prosperity To maximize the contribution of tourism to the economic prosperity of the host destination, including the proportion of visitor spending that is retained locally.
3. Employment Quality To strengthen the number and quality of local jobs created and supported by tourism, including the level of pay, conditions of service and availability to all without discrimination by gender, race, disability or in other ways.
4. Social Equity To seek a widespread and fair distribution of economic and social benefits from tourism throughout the recipient community, including improving opportunities, income and services available to the poor.

12. Sustainable Development of Tourism
5. Visitor Fulfillment To provide a safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience for visitors, available to all without discrimination by gender, race, disability or in other ways.
6. Local Control To engage and empower local communities in planning and decision making about the management and future development of tourism in their area, in consultation with other stakeholders.
7. Community Wellbeing To maintain and strengthen the quality of life in local communities, including social structures and access to resources, amenities and life support systems, avoiding any form of social degradation or exploitation.
8. Cultural Richness To respect and enhance the historic heritage, authentic culture, traditions and distinctiveness of host communities.

13. Sustainable Development of Tourism
9. Physical Integrity To maintain and enhance the quality of landscapes, both urban and rural, and avoid the physical and visual degradation of the environment.
10. Biological Diversity
To support the conservation of natural areas, habitats and wildlife, and minimize damage to them.
11. Resource Efficiency To minimize the use of scarce and non-renewable resources in the development and operation of tourism facilities and services.
12. Environmental Purity To minimize the pollution of air, water and land and the generation of waste by tourism enterprises and visitors.

14. SUSTAINABLE DESTINATIONS SUSTAINABLE BUSINESSES
3 focal points for delivering sustainable tourism
SUSTAINABLE DESTINATIONS
SUSTAINABLE BUSINESSES
RESPONSIBLE TOURISTS

15. Municipal, public services Tourism services
Integrated tourism destination and supply chain management Public-private partnerships, policies at national and local levels
Municipal, public services
Tourism services
DESTINATION
Access
Air transport
Water
Land transport
Waste Sewage
Hotel, restaurant
other sites
Energy
Tour operators
Telecommunication
Tourist information
Guides

16. Instruments for making tourism more sustainable
Command and control instruments
Economic instruments
Voluntary instruments
Supporting instruments
Measurement instruments

17. Instruments for making tourism more sustainable
1. Command and control instruments
Legislation, regulation and licensing
Land use planning and development control
2. Voluntary instruments
Guidelines and codes of conduct
Reporting and auditing
Certification, eco-labels
Awards
Private sector policies, associations

18. Instruments for making tourism more sustainable
3. Economic instruments
Taxes and charges
Financial incentives and agreements
4. Supporting instruments
Infrastructure provision and management
Capacity building
Marketing and information services
Green Certificate - Green Holidays
Marketing support for small rural tourism businesses

19. 5. Measurement instruments
Sustainability indicators and monitoring
Identifying tourism limits
In support of the other policy tools (e.g. verification, measurement of the compliance with standards, regulations, voluntary certification criteria)

20. UNWTO Guide on Indicators
Extensive review of international experiences
Involvement of 62 experts from 20 countries
Focus on local destinations, also covering applications at regional, national and business levels
A recommended procedure for indicators development
A categorized list of common issues and indicators
Destination-specific applications
The role of indicators in tourism policy and planning
Ample range of case studies

21. 12 Baseline issues (and 25 selected indicators)
LOCAL SATISFACTION WITH TOURISM
EFFECTS OF TOURISM ON COMMUNITIES
SUSTAINING TOURIST SATISFACTION
TOURISM SEASONALITY
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF TOURISM
ENERGY MANAGEMENT 
WATER AVAILABILITY AND CONSERVATION
DRINKING WATER QUALITY
SEWAGE TREATMENT (WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT)
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (GARBAGE)
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL
CONTROLLING USE INTENSITY

22. Expression of indicators
Quantitative measurements
Raw data (number of tourists visiting a site/year/month, volume of waste generated)
Ratios (ratio of the n. of tourists to local residents)
Percentage (% of trained staff, % change in visitor numbers, expenditures)
Qualitative/normative measurements
Category indices (level of protection)
Normative indicators (existence of tourism management plan, yes/no)
Nominal indicators (e.g. eco-labels, certifications)
Opinion-based indicators (level of satisfaction of tourists, or of local residents)

23. Types of sustainability indicators
early warning indicators (species disappearance)
indicators of stresses on the system (crime rates)
measures of current state of tourism (occupancy, satisfaction)
measures of tourism impacts (deforestation rates, change in property prices)
measures of management efforts (cleanup cost, repairs)
measures of management effect and performance (changed pollution levels, more returning tourists)

24. Benefits from good indicators
Better decision-making, lower risks and costs, identify limits and opportunities
Identification of emerging risks - prevention
Identification of impacts - corrective action
Performance measurement of the implementation of development plans and management actions
Greater public accountability, better communication
Constant monitoring - continuous improvement

25. “What you cannot measure, you cannot manage”

26. Sustainability indicators – basic tool
A “thermometer” of tourism sustainability
º C
To identify and measure the entire range of impacts (environmental and socio-economic) that tourism can have in a particular area or society.
Accurate information is needed for responsible decision-making
Alert: Remedial action!!
Caution: Preventive measures!
OK, doing well
Sustainability indicators are information sets which are formally selected for a regular use to measure changes in key assets and issues of tourism destinations and operations.

27. Success factors for indicators application
Linked with policy objectives and actions to support planning and management processes
Participatory processes – all stakeholders are information providers and users at the same time
Support by designated experts and professionals
Systematic gathering of information – procedures on how is responsible for what data, frequency and form of collection
Regular reporting of the results with adequate forms for different stakeholder groups
Good communication
Revision of indicator applications – gradual and continuous improvement of data gathering, processing and reporting processes

28. UNWTO Survey 2007 Responses from 74 Member States
Inclusion of sustainability objectives in the tourism strategy
Establishment of a system of indicators measuring the sustainability of tourism

29. Thank you!