1. Making Maps With GIS
Chapter 8

2. Making Maps With GIS 8.1 The Parts of a Map 8.2 Choosing a Map Type
8.3 Designing the Map

3. What is a map?
“A graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm (land) in which the real-world features have been replaced by symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.”
power line

4. Map function in GIS Storage Temporary communication
Intermediate check of data
Final report
To be effective, must be correctly
designed and constructed.

5. The Parts of a Map: Map Elements

6. The medium is the message
Paper
Film
Mylar (generically refer to
polyester film or plastic sheet)
Monitor
Projection
Broadcast TV
THE DISPLAY IS PART OF THE SYMBOLIZATION

7. Cartographic Elements
Medium
Figure
Ground
Reference information

8. Cartographic Elements (2)
Border
Neatline
Insets
Scale up
Scale down
Metadata e.g. index
Off-map references
Neatline is a geotemporal exhibit-builder that allows you to create beautiful, complex maps, image annotations, and narrative sequences from Omeka collections of archives and artifacts, and to connect your maps and narratives with timelines that are more-than-usually sensitive to ambiguity and nuance.
An inset map is a smaller map featured on the same page as the mainmap. Traditionally, inset maps are shown at a larger scale (smaller area) than the main map. Often, an inset map is used as a locator mapthat shows the area of the main map in a broader, more familiar geographical frame of reference.

9. Cartographic Elements (3)
Page coordinates
Ground elements
Graticule/Grid
North arrow

10. Cartographic Elements (4)
Figure
Point/Line/Area symbols
Text
Place Names
Title

11. Cartographic Elements (5)
Reference Information
Scale
Projection(s)
Sources
Credits
Legend
Reliability

12. Map “impact”: Your preference?
A. Distribution of Employment by State 1996
B. USA: Employment Distribution 1996
C. U.S. Employment: 1996 Distribution
D. America at Work
E. Where the Jobs are Today

13. Text: Selection and Placement

14. Choosing a Map Type
Cartographers have designed hundreds of map types: methods of cartographic representation.
Not all GISs allow all types.
Most have a set of basic types
Depends heavily on the dimension of the data to be shown in the map figure.

15. Choosing the Wrong Type
Fairly common GIS error.
Due to lack of knowledge about cartographic options.
Can still have perfect symbolization.
Possibility of misinformation
Definite reduction in communication effectiveness.

16. Map Types: Point Data Reference Topographic Dot Picture Symbol
Graduated Symbol

17. Reference Map
A reference map is a map that emphasizes the geographic location of features. These are some characteristics of reference maps: They display a variety of information. The primary aims are legibility and graphic contrast.

18. Topographic Map
 A topographic map is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually now using contour lines, but historically using a variety of methods. 

19. Dot Map
A dot distribution map is a map type that uses a dot symbol to show the presence of a feature or phenomenon.  Dot maps rely on a visual scatter to show spatial pattern.

20. Picture Symbol Map
Map with Picture /Symbol images

21. Graduated Symbol Map
A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent. For example, denser populations might be represented by larger dots, or larger rivers by thicker lines.

22. Map Types: Line Data
Network
Flow
Isopleth
Reference

23. Network Maps

24. Origin of Flow Maps
Harness, H. D. (1837). Atlas to Accompany the Second Report of the Railway Commissioners, Ireland. Dublin: Irish Railway Commission.

25. Flow Map
Flow maps in cartography are a mix of maps and flow charts, that "show the movement of objects from one location to another, such as the number of people in a migration, the amount of goods being traded, or the number of packets in a network".

26. Isopleth Maps
The third dimension is shown by a series of lines called isopleths which connect points of equal value. The isopleth interval is the difference in value between two adjacent isopleths. Note, the values of the isopleths drawn on the map are ALWAYS multiples of the interval.

27. Map Types: Area Data Choropleth Area qualitative Stepped surface
Hypsometric
Dasymetric
Reference

28. Choropleth Map
A map which uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a particular quantity in those areas.

29. Area Qualitative Map
Simple color or pattern applied to area types e.g. land use classes: residential, agricultural, forest, wetland, tundra, water

30. Stepped Statistical Surface
In stepped statistical map, areas are elevated in proportion to the values they represent.

31. Hypsometric Map A map that depicts land configuration usually with
contour lines.

32. Dasymetric Map
The dasymetric map is a method of thematic mapping, which uses areal symbols to spatially classify volumetric data. The method was developed and named in 1911 by Benjamin (Veniamin) Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and popularised by J.K. Wright.

33. Map Types: Volume Data [Isopleth, Stepped Surface, Hypsometric]
Gridded fishnet
Realistic perspective
Hill-shaded
Image map

34. Isoline Map Lines join points with equal value
Often point to raster: interpolated
Common routines are splines and
IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted)
also useful

35. Fishnet or Gridded Perspective View
Lines on X, Y axis with hidden
Line elimination
Also possible to use lines at
90 deg to line of sight
Many variants
Can use anaglyphic stereo

36. Realistic Perspective View

37. Hill-shaded Relief Map
It is is a shaded relief (levels of gray) on a map, just to indicate relative slopes, mountain ridges, not absolute height.

38. Image Map

39. Anaglyphic stereo Shuttered Stereo glasses
Anaglyph 3D is the name given to the stereoscopic 3D effect achieved by means of encoding each eye's image using filters of different (usually chromatically opposite) colors, typically red and cyan. Anaglyph 3D images contain two differently filtered colored images, one for each eye.
Shuttered Stereo glasses

40. Map Types: Time Multiple views (image next slide) Animation Moving map
Fly thru
Fly by

41. Small multiples

42. Map Type and Dimensionality

43. The Need for Design
To appear professional and avoid errors, GIS maps should reflect cartographic knowledge about map design.
A map has a visual grammar or structure that must be understood and used if the best map design is desired.
Cartographic convention (e.g. forests should be green).

44. Map Design A GIS map is designed in a process called the design loop.
Good map design requires that map elements be placed in a balanced arrangement within the neat line.

45. The Design Loop Create map layout as macro Draw on screen (proof plot)
Look
Edit macro
Repeat until happy
Make final plot

46. Graphic Editors

47. Avenza: Map Publisher

48. ArcPress

49. Graphic Editor Software
Vector
Adobe Illustrator
CorelDraw
Freehand
Raster
Photoshop
CorelPaint
Fractal Paint

50. Color and Map Design
Color is a complex visual variable and in a GIS is specified by RGB or HSI values.
Red, Green, Blue are additive primaries.
Magenta, Cyan and Yellow are subtractive primaries.
Saturation and Intensity map better onto values than hue.

51. Dimensions of Color
HUE
INTENSITY
SATURATION

52. Simultaneous Contrast

53. Color Primaries
Additive color
Subtractive color

54. Text placement Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Santa Barbara
Path right
Santa Barbara P a t h D o w n
Santa Barbara
L a g o o n

55. Map Design and GIS
When a GIS map is the result of a complex analytical or modeling process, good design is essential for understanding.
The map is what distinguishes GIS as a different approach to the management of information, so extra care should be taken to improve the final maps that a GIS generates in a GIS task.