1. Why did the Liberal party introduce reforms Paper Two

2. Background- 1800s The Victorians had done some things to improve conditions in towns 1.Hours of work had been steadily reduced and work conditions improved 2.Slum clearance schemes were well under way and most houses had piped water and toilets connected to sewage systems 3.All children had to go to school 4.All male house owners had the right to vote 5.Wages had risen and the average family was better off by 1900 HOWEVER there were many problems left unsolved especially the problem of poverty

3. How could people get help at the beginning of the 19 th century Charities private charities gave help in the form of money, clothes or food. Sometimes they provided a place to stay. There were thousands of children on the streets. Thomas Barnado set up homes to look after these children. By 1905 there was a network of homes across the country

4. How could people get help at the beginning of the 19 th century The Poor Law The most feared type of help was provided in the workhouses. They could be awful places were families were split up. Sometimes help was given to people in their own homes but being a pauper was considered to be shameful. People were expected to save for the bad times. If you became unemployed or ill your whole family could suffer and end up in the workhouse.

5. Investigating poverty The Salvation Army Started by William and Catherine Booth who decided to go out and find the poor to help them. By 1878 they had 45 branches. They operated like an army and gathered information on the poor. They also tried to help the poor get jobs. Booth divided the poor into  Those that lived by crime  Those that lived by vice  The honest poor  Skilled workers in secure jobs

6. Investigating poverty Charles Booth He decided to find out about the poor in London by collecting information eventually writing 17 volumes of the Life and Labour of the People of London. He found that 31% of the population lived in poverty. Booth believed that 85% of the poor were poor because of low wages which was not their own fault. He divided the poor into 4 groups Lowest = criminals, lazy, beggars Casual earners = part time labourers, lone women Occasional earners = hit by job losses Low wages = dockers, gasworkers

7. Investigating poverty Seebohm Rowntree Rowntree investigated poverty in York. He decided that a family could live on 21s and 8d. He found that 28% of York were living in poverty which he divided into 2 kinds Primary poverty = those who never stood a chance = 10% Secondary poverty = those with just enough as long as there was no crisis = 18% He believed that low wages, death of the chief wage earner and largeness of family were the main reasons for poverty.

8. Reasons for introducing reforms National efficiency When recruiting for the army they found that half of the men were not fit to fight Britain needed a fit workforce to keep up its industrial output against challenges from Germany and the USA

9. Reasons for introducing reforms Political reasons c1900 – the Socialist parties joined to form the Labour Party which said it would campaign for better working and living conditions for the working people – the Liberals were worried that they might lose votes and members to this new party if they did not do something about poverty and hardship …

10. Reasons for introducing reforms Social reasons As seen before investigations had proved that up to a third of all people lived in poverty. Some MPs like Lloyd George understood what it meant to be poor and wanted to help children, old people and the unemployed live better lives.

11. Why did poverty become a political issue for the Liberal Party Remember to look at reasons before but also The new Liberals like Lloyd George thought that it was the role of the government to help the poor The work of Rowntree and Booth showed that the poor were not to blame Local schemes to improve conditions in towns showed that politicians could help people

12. Main events What the Liberals did 1906 – Free School Meals 1907 – School Medical Inspections 1908 – The Children’s Act 1908 – The Pensions Act 1909 – The Labour Exchanges Act 1911 – The National Insurance Act 1912 – The National Insurance Act II 1912 – School Clinics

13. Free School Meals (1906) Local councils were given powers to give free meals to children from poor families These meals were to be paid for from the local rates (local taxes on property) By 1914, over 150,000 children were having a daily free meal, every day. However, less than half the education authorities in England and Wales provided the free meals In 1914, the Government made it compulsory for authorities to provide these meals

14. School Medical Inspections (1907) Doctors and nurses went into schools to provide free compulsory medical checks for children They could recommend any treatment that was necessary Any treatment required by the children had to be paid for by the parents (until 1912)

15. Children’s Act (1908) Children were now protected, by law, against cruelty from their parents Poor law authorities were responsible for visiting and supervising children who had suffered cruelty or neglect Children’s homes to be registered and inspected Children under 14 who committed crimes were now not to be sent to adult prisons Special juvenile courts to be set up to try children accused of crimes Criminal children were to be sent to borstals, specially built to cope with young offenders Children under 14 not to be allowed into pubs Cigarettes or alcohol not to be sold to children under 16

16. Old Age Pensions (1908) This gave weekly pensions to the elderly from the government Everyone over the age of 70 got a pension A single person received 5s a week and a married person got 7s 6d (later 10s) There were some rules you had to follow to get the pensions

17. Labour Exchanges Act (1909) Set up a national string of state labour exchanges Meant that the unemployed could go to an exchange to look for a job Much more efficient for those seeking a job and those offering them … By 1913 there were 430 exchanges in Britain

18. National Insurance Act (1911) Set up an insurance scheme to prevent poverty arising from illness … 1.All manual workers and people in low-paid jobs had to join 2.Workers paid 4d for insurance stamps which they stuck on a special card 3.Employers gave 3d per worker in the scheme 4.The Government gave 2d for each worker in the scheme 5.If a worker in the scheme fell ill, they got sick pay of 10s per week for 13 weeks, then 5s per week for a further 13 week in the year 6.Workers in the scheme could have free medical care National Insurance Act II (1912) Although there were about 10 million men and 4 million women covered by the national insurance scheme, a second act was necessary to deal with workers who found themselves periodically out of work … 1.Scheme open to those in industries where there was seasonal employment (e.g. shipbuilding, engineering) 2.Workers, employers and Government all paid 2d per week for insurance stamps 3.When unemployed, workers could be paid 7s 6d a week for up to 15 weeks in any one year.

19. How useful is this source to a historian studying the reasons for Liberal Reforms On the one hand, this is useful because it shows the conditions in which people lived in a typical city like Liverpool. There are people in poor clothing in the street and what looks like rubbish on the floor. There is also a water hydrant so perhaps there was no water in the houses. The houses are very close together so will get no light and there is what looks like smoke which will come from the factory chimneys nearby. On the other hand, this isn’t completely useful as it only shows one street in one city and we cannot be certain that all streets were like this or why the photographer chose this street. We would need other information. From my own knowledge I know that poverty was not the only reason why reforms were introduced. There was also the threat of the Labour Party or the need for men to be fitter to fight. So overall, the source is useful in telling me ………………………………………………. but …………………….

20. What is the message of this source? The main message of this source is that any pension is better than none at all I know this because in the source you can see that the old man has a small dog which represents his pension. The rich man has a large dog which represents a large pension and he doesn’t think much of the pension that has been introduced by the Liberals in 1908. However, the old man is pleased to get any pension because he won’t have had one at all in the past. The pensions were given to people from 1909 if they were over 70 and fulfilled certain conditions. This source was produced by the Liberal Party to show at least they had done something and that the old were happy with it.

21. Why was this poster issued in 1911? This source was produced in 1911 to get people to support the new Insurance Act that the Liberals had introduced in 1911 I know this because in the source I can see a sick man being shown information about the act by Lloyd George. The source is called the Dawn of Hope which suggests that now sick people will have hope as they will get sick pay under the Act. However, the Liberal Party would also have produced the poster to get support for the Party as the act was not popular with everyone because it was expensive and it didn’t help all workers. The poster was, therefore, produced for two reasons to get votes for the Liberals and to show people what they had done to help the poor.

22. Is one source more reliable than the other to an historian studying poverty in the early twentieth century? Source B Under the window facing the door is the large bed in which sleep mother, father and 2 children. A baby is asleep in a pram by the bed and another child is asleep in a cot in the corner. At the foot of the bed is a small table. Three wooden chairs and a chest of drawers complete the furniture. The small fireplace has no oven. There are two burnt saucepans. There is no larder. From Round about a Pound by Maud Reeves in 1913. This describes one room in Lambeth, South London in the early 20 th century

23. Answer for previous slide Is one source more reliable than the other to an historian studying poverty in the early twentieth century? Both sources could be regarded as reliable because they both agree with my knowledge of what conditions were like for poor people at this time Source B is from a book and shows how little people might have and how they would live with very little in one room. I think it is reliable because it just presents a description of the room with no emotional language about how terrible it is. However we don’t know why the source was produced and if there were other descriptions in the book that were the same Source C is a graph taken from information gathered by Rowntree in his survey about poverty in York. Again this is likely to be reliable as it is based on lots of information and how lives were affected by poverty. It is not biased or giving a point of view. But it is an average so cannot tell you about individuals as source B does So overall both sources could be seen as reliable but other sources might be needed to prove how reliable they are

24. How far does source G support the message of source H?

25. Answer to previous slide How far does source G support the message of source H? This is what you need to do to get the marks Describes both sources (1-2 marks) Agrees or disagrees support using information from sources (3 – 5 marks) Supports agreement and disagreement using both sources (6– 8 marks) Explains making judgement about ‘how far’ source G supports source H (9 marks)

26. Longer answer question 6 An example of a question 6 which uses all the sources. ‘The Liberal Party introduced welfare reforms only because they were afraid of the rise of the Labour Party’ Explain whether or not you agree with this view You need to look at all the sources and show which sources agree or disagree with the statement. How many depends on how much time you have but try to group them together. You can get up to 10 marks for just explaining how far they agree or disagree and using contextual knowledge to judge the sources. If you examine the reliability of some sources you can achieve full marks of 12. My advice is read all the sources before you start writing and make a little plan first

27. GOOD LUCK EVERYONE