1. Introduction to Rhetoric AP English Language and Composition

2. Looking Ahead to the Rest of the Year

3. Goals of This Next Unit and Rhetoric Understand the components of rhetoric. Understand and apply the elements of the rhetorical ladder. Understand and apply the concept of rhetorical context. Learn and apply a strategy (SACPETS) for analyzing texts for rhetorical components. Understand and analyze texts according to various components of the rhetorical ladder. Experience a variety of “texts.”

4. What Is Rhetoric? Plato: [Rhetoric] is the "art of enchanting the soul." (The art of winning the soul by discourse.) Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion." Cicero: "Rhetoric is one great art comprised of five lesser arts: inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, and pronunciatio." Rhetoric is "speech designed to persuade."

5. What Is Rhetoric? continued Quintilian: "Rhetoric is the art of speaking well" or "...good man speaking well." George Campbell: "[Rhetoric] is that art or talent by which discourse is adapted to its end. The four ends of discourse are to enlighten the understanding, please the imagination, move the passion, and influence the will." Philip Johnson: "Rhetoric is the art of framing an argument so that it can be appreciated by an audience."

6. What Is Rhetoric? Continued George Kennedy: “ Rhetoric in the most general sense may perhaps be identified with the energy inherent in communication: the emotional energy that impels the speaker to speak, the physical energy expanded in the utterance, the energy level coded in the message, and the energy experienced by the recipient in decoding the message.”

7. Essential Elements in Rhetoric Speaker Audience What is the purpose? What is the context? What is the subject? What is the tone? What strategies are used? What is the exigency? The “text”

8. SACPETS: an analytical tool Subject: What is the subject of this selection? (What is the main topic?) Audience: Who is the intended audience? Context: What do you know about the writer of this selection? What do you know about the background when this selection was written? Purpose: What is the message of this selection? What effect does the writer intend to have on the audience? Exigency: What is the need or lack of something that explains the creation of this text? Tone: What is the author’s attitude towards the subject and/or the audience? Strategies: What strategies does the writer use to convey the purpose of this selection?

9. Ultimately, Rhetoric boils down to... What is the meaning of the text? (In other words, what is the author saying? What is the author’s message? What is the author’s purpose? What is the author’s tone? What is the author’s attitude? What are the author’s views?) How does the author show the meaning of the text? (What strategies are used?) And (sometimes) what do I think about these two areas?

10. Some Tools for Looking at Strategies DictionSyntax Rhetorical/literary devices Overall structure AppealsPurpose/ToneExigency

11. Diction = Word Choice Creates tone, attitude, and style Selection of details Why does the “speaker” choose the words and phrases that he does? What denotation do the words have? What connotation do the words have?

12. Syntax = Sentence Construction Grammatical construction SimpleComplexRepetitionInverted Periodic = main clause at the end of sentence with phrases, dependent clauses before it QuestionsImperativesExclamationsPunctuationParallelism

13. Rhetorical/Literary Devices Literary devices: AllegoryAlliterationAllusion Figurative language (metaphor, simile, analogy, symbol = non-literal language) Imagery (sensory images) Irony/satire/parody Metonymy (representative term is used for the actual object) MotifOnomatopoeiaOxymoronPersonificationPun Synecdoche (part represents the whole: “all hands on deck”)

14. Rhetorical/Literary Devices, cont. Rhetorical devices: Antithesis (two contrasting images/phrases) Hyperbole (“this is the most used strategy of all time!”) Deduction/Induction (general to details/details to general) Pacing Rhetorical question Understatement Ellipsis (...) Anaphora (“I came, I saw, I conquered.”) Litotes (“not a minor strategy to use”)

15. Overall Structure Induction/deductionExamplesCompare/contrast Cause and effect ClassificationProcessDefinitionNarrationDescriptionSpatial

16. Related to “Modes of Discourse” Exposition = illustrates a point Narration = tells a story Description = creates a sensory image Argumentation = takes a position on an issue and defends it

17. Appeals EthosLogosPathos

18. Ethos What does the person tell us about him or her? How trustworthy is the speaker? How valid is the information the speaker uses? How biased is the speaker?

19. Logos What kind of information is used? How reliable is the information? How logical is the information? How “documented” is the information?

20. Pathos How does the speaker appeal to our emotions? How much does the speaker make us feel about the subject of his or her message? What kind of emotional responses does the audience have about the message?

21. Purpose/Tone What is the purpose of the speaker’s message? What is the speaker’s attitude towards his or her subject? What is the speaker’s attitude towards his or her audience?

22. Some Tones angrysharpupsetsillyboringafraidhappyhollowjoyfulallusivesweetvexedtiredbitterdreamyrestrainedprouddramaticsadcoldurgentjokingpoignantdetachedconfusedchildishpeacefulmockingobjectivevibrantfrivolousaudaciousshockingsombergiddyProvocativesentimentalfancifulcomplimentarycondescendingsympatheticcontemptuousapologetichumoroushorrificsarcasticnostalgiczealousirreverentbenevolentseductivecandidpitifuldidactic

23. Exigency What is the context of the “text”? What is the need for this message? What does the “world” lack that is being argued for in the “text”?

24. Activities to Practice Rhetorical Analysis

25. Practicing Rhetorical Analysis with a Film

26. Rhetorical Context of 300 This film is a fictionalized account of the Battle of Thermopylae of 480 BCE where an alliance of Greek city-states fight the invading Persian army in the mountain pass of Thermopylae. Though the oracles and the elders of Sparta warn King Leonidas not to fight the Persians (a force of over 100,000 soldiers!), he still does, enlisting the help of 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians, and a few other slave soldiers. Vastly outnumbered, the Spartans hold-off the Persians for three days, but they need reinforcements. The king’s wife, Queen Gorgo, asks the Spartan Council to send in the rest of the Spartan army to help the 300. This is her speech to the Spartan Council.

27. Assignment Take notes on the text of the speech. Fill out the SACPETS sheet on the film. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X61QeEDxPcY

28. Text of the Queen Gorgo’s Speech Councilmen, I stand before you today not only as your Queen: I come to you as a mother; I come to you as a wife; I come to you as a Spartan woman; I come to you with great humility. I am not here to represent Leonidas; his actions speak louder than my words ever could. I am here for all those voices which cannot be heard: mothers, daughters, fathers, sons -- 300 families that bleed for our rights, and for the very principles this room was built upon. We are at war, gentlemen. We must send the entire Spartan army to aid our King in the preservation of not just ourselves, but of our children. Send the army for the preservation of liberty. Send it for justice. Send it for law and order. Send it for reason. But most importantly, send our army for hope -- hope that a king and his men have not been wasted to the pages of history -- that their courage bonds us together, that we are made stronger by their actions, and that your choices today reflect their bravery.

29. Review of the Gorgo Speech Watch speech again, paying special attention to the audience’s reaction and the strategies that Gorgo uses. Discuss SACPETS. What strategies does she use? This is what an AP question would look like for this speech: After some information about the context of the speech, the question would ask: “Write an essay that defines the central argument of Queen Gorgo’s speech and analyze the rhetorical strategies that she employs in her argument.”

30. More Practice with Rhetorical Analysis One of the most popular contexts of rhetoric...

31. Elizabeth Glaser’s Address to the Democratic National Convention Delivered on July 14, 1992, in New York City, New York. This convention nominated Bill Clinton as the Democratic candidate for president. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7z0lbUJWjf4 Short Version http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKl5XLRn3XM Extended Version

32. Rhetorical Context Prior to the Democrat Bill Clinton (president during the years 1993-2001), the United States saw 12 years of Republican presidents: Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) and George H.W. Bush (1989-1993). HIV/AIDS was first recognized in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981. Both the Reagan and Bush administrations were criticized for not doing enough for HIV/AIDS prevention and research, with many critics accusing the Republican administrations of marginalizing the disease to the gay community.

33. Background on Elizabeth Glaser Wife of Paul Michael Glaser (actor in the popular Starsky and Hutch TV series in the 1970s). After being married to Glaser, Elizabeth became a mother of two children and then an “AIDS activist.” She co-founded the “Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation” in 1988.

34. Assignment Listen to and read the speech. Mark up the speech for elements of SACPETS. Fill out SACPETS completely. On back of SACPETS, compare/contrast this speech to Queen Gorgo’s speech. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/elizabethglaser199 2dnc.htm http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/elizabethglaser199 2dnc.htm http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/27096-1

35. Discuss Glaser’s Speech Review SACPETS. What strategies does Glaser use in her speech? How effective is her speech? How is this speech similar to the Queen Gorgo speech?

36. More Practice: Word Choice & Allusion in Bruce Springsteen’s “The Rising”

37. Some Background on Springsteen Bruce Springsteen was born on September 23, 1949, in New Jersey. He became a “classic rocker” during the 1970s and 1980s, and he is still producing best-selling songs and albums. Nicknamed “The Boss, he is well known as a singer-songwriter who tours with the E Street Band. His songs focus on “heartland rock,” with poetic lyrics and Americana elements. Much of his writing focuses on working class people on the East coast. Some of his best known albums are Born to Run, Born in the USA, and The Rising. He likes “thematic” albums. Besides selling more than 65 million albums in the United States and 120 million worldwide, he has earned at least 20 Grammy Awards, two Golden Globes, and an Academy Award. Rolling Stone Magazine ranked him as the 23rd greatest artist of all time in its 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list.

38. Rhetorical Context of “The Rising” The song called “The Rising” appears on Springsteen’s album also called The Rising. The song was written in late 2001 and the album was released in July, 2002. Tracks from the album: 1. “Lonesome Day” 2. “Into the Fire” 3. “Waitin’ on a Sunny Day” 4. “Nothing Man” 5. “Countin' on a Miracle” 6. “Empty Sky” 7. “Worlds Apart” 8. “Let's Be Friends (Skin to Skin)” 9. “Further On (Up the Road)” 10. “The Fuse” 11. “Mary's Place” 12. “You're Missing” 13. “The Rising” 14. “Paradise” 15. “My City of Ruins” 1. “Lonesome Day” 2. “Into the Fire” 3. “Waitin’ on a Sunny Day” 4. “Nothing Man” 5. “Countin' on a Miracle” 6. “Empty Sky” 7. “Worlds Apart” 8. “Let's Be Friends (Skin to Skin)” 9. “Further On (Up the Road)” 10. “The Fuse” 11. “Mary's Place” 12. “You're Missing” 13. “The Rising” 14. “Paradise” 15. “My City of Ruins”

39. Listen to the Song “The Rising” Can't see nothin' in front of me Can't see nothin' coming up behind I make my way through this darkness I can't feel nothing but this chain that binds me Lost track of how far I've gone How far I've gone, how high I've climbed On my back's a sixty pound stone On my shoulder a half mile of line Come on up for the rising Com on up, lay your hands in mine Come on up for the rising Come on up for the rising tonight Left the house this morning Bells ringing filled the air I was wearin' the cross of my calling On wheels of fire I come rollin' down here Come on up for the rising Come on up, lay your hands in mine Come on up for the rising Come on up for the rising tonight Li,li, li,li,li,li, li,li,li There's spirits above and behind me Faces gone black, eyes burnin' bright May their precious blood bind me Lord, as I stand before your fiery light Li,li, li,li,li,li, li,li,li I see you Mary in the garden In the garden of a thousand sighs There's holy pictures of our children Dancin' in a sky filled with light May I feel your arms around me May I feel your blood mix with mine A dream of life comes to me Like a catfish dancin' on the end of the line Sky of blackness and sorrow (a dream of life) Sky of love, sky of tears (a dream of life) Sky of glory and sadness (a dream of life) Sky of mercy, sky of fear (a dream of life) Sky of memory and shadow (a dream of life) Your burnin' wind fills my arms tonight Sky of longing and emptiness (a dream of life) Sky of fullness, sky of blessed life (a dream of life) Come on up for the rising Come on up, lay your hands in mine Come on up for the rising Come on up for the rising tonight Li,li, li,li,li,li, li,li,li Copyright © 2002 Bruce Springsteen (ASCAP) Copyright © 2002 Bruce Springsteen (ASCAP)

40. Answer Questions about “The Rising” Write down many details about the narrator and make inferences about the narrator? (who, what, where, when, how, and why) And the audience? Word choice: what is the significance/meaning of these words and phrases? Especially note the italics. "this chain that binds me" "sixty pound stone " "sixty pound stone" "Left the house this morning" "bells ringing" "Wearin' the cross of my calling" "wheels of fire" "rollin' down here " "rollin' down here" "Faces gone black " "Faces gone black" "Mary in the garden" "garden of a thousand sighs" "catfish dancin' on the end of a line" "lay your hands in mine" "dream of life" "li, li, li, li, li, li, li, li, li"

41. More Questions Why use the pairs of words after each "Sky of" phrase? What is the effect? Explain the meaning of the four lines of the chorus: "Come on up for the rising" etc. What is the mood of the song? (How does it feel?) Why is the song called "The Rising"? What is the message of this song?

42. More Information about “The Rising” It earned Grammy awards for Best Rock Song and Best Male Rock Performance of the year. Rolling Stone named it the 35th best song of the decade. During the 2008 U.S. presidential election, "The Rising" was first used as a closing campaign rally song by the John Edwards campaign. Despite the song's grim setting, the "Rise up" refrain matched the closing exhortation of Edwards' speeches. The Hillary Rodham Clinton campaign then began to use the song as well, especially at the end of her rallies or victory celebrations. Following Springsteen's April 2008 endorsement of Barack Obama, the Obama campaign began replacing U2's "City of Blinding Lights" with "The Rising" as their commencement-of- rally song. (From wikipedia.com) 2008 U.S. presidential electionJohn Edwards campaign Hillary Rodham Clinton campaignBarack Obama campaignU2City of Blinding Lights2008 U.S. presidential electionJohn Edwards campaign Hillary Rodham Clinton campaignBarack Obama campaignU2City of Blinding Lights

43. More on the Song The song was also played immediately following Obama's victorious presidential acceptance speech on the night of November 4, 2008 in Grant Park in Chicago. Rolling Stone later remarked of its use there, "when its metaphor of struggling through darkness was blasted at Obama's victory celebration, it became a national anthem for the 21st century.” (from wikipedia.com) Grant ParkChicago Rolling StoneGrant ParkChicago Rolling Stone

44. Key Elements in an Opening Paragraph Author and title of the piece. Thesis that answers what the prompt is asking Normally, this includes the meaning of the piece with the elements that convey the meaning Devices that help interest the reader to continue your essay BUT NOT TOO LONG! (4 to 5 sentences)

45. Tips on Writing Body Paragraphs Try to organize paragraphs around a major stylistic device being used in the passage. This is where you present your analysis related to what you said in the opening paragraph. As much as possible, use quotations, specific references, and details from the passage. Place quotation marks around the words, phrases, and sentences that you take from the passage. You should be referring to the key ideas from the prompt and from your opening paragraph.

46. Big Difference! Remember that the biggest difference between the mediocre/average essay and the excellent essay is the ability to explain how the strategies that you identify help to explain the meaning of the text! It’s your ability to answer the question: SO WHAT?!?!?!?