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Chapter 11, Part 2 Muscles of the head and Neck
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Fig. 11.2b Epicranial aponeurosis Epicranius Frontal belly
of occipitofrontalis Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis Orbicularis oculi Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus minor Levator anguli oris Zygomaticus major Buccinator Orbicularis oris Sternocleidomastoid Mentalis Depressor labii inferioris Depressor anguli oris Platysma © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photos and Dissections by Christine Eckel Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles AKA extraocular muscles
Fig. 11.4 Trochlea Superior oblique Frontal bone Superior rectus Common tendinous ring Optic nerve Lateral rectus Inferior rectus Maxilla Inferior oblique (a) Lateral view, right eye Extrinsic Eye Muscles AKA extraocular muscles called extrinsic because originate in orbit and insert into sclera of eye Move the eyes Rectus eye muscles originate from common tendinous ring Orbicularis oculi Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles Lateral rectus Inferior rectus Superior rectus
(a) Lateral view, right eye Extrinsic Eye Muscles Lateral rectus attaches to anterolateral surface of eye pulls eye laterally (toward ear) Inferior rectus attaches to anteroinferior surface of eye pulls eye down and medially (look at tip of nose) Superior rectus attaches to anterosuperior surface of eye pulls eye up and medially (look at procerus muscle) Superior rectus Lateral rectus Inferior rectus Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles Medial rectus Fig. 11.4
(b) Medial view, right eye Extrinsic Eye Muscles Superior rectus Medial rectus attaches to anteromedial surface of eye pulls eye medially (toward bridge of nose) Medial rectus Optic nerve Common tendinous ring Inferior rectus
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles Oblique eye muscles Superior oblique
Fig. 11.4 Extrinsic Eye Muscles (a) Lateral view, right eye Trochlea Oblique eye muscles originate from within the orbit inserts on posterolateral part of eye Superior oblique hooks through trochlea inserts on posterior superior part of eye pulls back of eye up (eye looks down) Inferior oblique inserts on posterior inferior part of eye pulls back of eye down (eye looks up) Superior oblique Inferior oblique Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Fig. 11.4 (a) Lateral view, right eye (b) Medial view, right eye
Trochlea Superior oblique Trochlea Superior rectus Frontal bone Superior oblique Superior rectus Orbicularis oculi Medial rectus Common tendinous ring Optic nerve Optic nerve Lateral rectus Inferior rectus Inferior oblique Common tendinous ring Maxilla Inferior oblique Inferior rectus Trochlea Sagittal axis Trochlea Center of eye Superior rectus Coronal axis Inferior oblique Superior oblique Lateral rectus Optic canal Common tendinous ring Superior oblique Inferior oblique Inferior rectus Medial rectus Medial rectus (c) Anterior view of right orbit, eye removed Inferior rectus Lateral rectus Superior rectus (d) Superior view Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Muscles of Mastication (superficial)
Fig. 11.5 Muscles of Mastication (superficial) Temporalis Buccinator is deep to masseter prevents “chipmunk cheeks” Masseter connects zygomatic process to mandible elevates and protracts mandible most powerful chewing muscle Orbicularis oris is ring around mouth “puckers up” Temporalis extends from temporal lines on parietal and frontal bones to coronoid process of mandible (deep to zygomatic process) elevates and retracts mandible Buccinator Masseter Orbicularis oris (a) Superficial lateral view Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Muscles that Move the Tongue
Fig. 11.6 Muscles that Move the Tongue Palatoglossus Intrinsic muscles curl, squeeze and fold tongue sit inside tongue tongue acts like muscle, but actually isn’t Extrinsic muscles have origin on other head and neck structures, insert on tongue end in -glossus Styloid process Tongue Styloglossus Genioglossus Mandible (cut) Hyoid bone Hyoglossus Thyroid cartilage Right lateral view
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Muscles that Move the Tongue
Fig. 11.6 Muscles that Move the Tongue (extrinsic) Styloid process genioglossus muscles (left/right) originate on mandible protract tongue Tongue Styloglossus Genioglossus Mandible (cut) Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Right lateral view
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Muscles that Move the Tongue
Fig. 11.6 Muscles that Move the Tongue (extrinsic) Styloid process genioglossus muscles (left/right) originate on mandible protract tongue styloglossus muscles (left/right) originate on styloid process of temporal bone elevate and retract tongue Tongue Styloglossus Genioglossus Mandible (cut) Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Right lateral view
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Muscles that Move the Tongue
Fig. 11.6 Muscles that Move the Tongue (extrinsic) Palatoglossus hyoglossus muscles (left/right) originate on hyoid bone insert on sides of tongue depress and retract tongue palatoglossus muscles (left/right) originate on soft palate elevate posterior portion of tongue Tongue Styloglossus Genioglossus Hyoglossus Mandible (cut) Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Right lateral view
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Muscles of the Pharynx Fig. 11.6
pharynx is funnel-shaped tube behind and below mouth and nose pharyngeal constrictor muscles contract sequentially to swallow food Styloid process Tongue Mandible (cut) pharyngeal constrictor muscles Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Right lateral view
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck
Fig. 11.6 Muscles of the Anterior Neck Suprahyoid muscles are above the hyoid bone elevate hyoid during swallowing or speaking Stylohyoid muscle Geniohyoid muscle Mylohyoid Styloid process Tongue Stylohyoid Mandible (cut) Geniohyoid Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Right lateral view
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Anterior Neck Digastric: two bellies Fig. 11.8 Superficial
anterior belly from mental protuberance to hyoid posterior belly from hyoid to mastoid portion of temporal bone depresses mandible, elevates hyoid Digastric: Anterior belly Posterior belly Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius
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Anterior Neck Infrahyoid muscles Omohyoid Sternohyoid Thyrohyoid
Fig. 11.8 Superficial Anterior Neck Infrahyoid muscles Depress hyoid bone Omohyoid Sternohyoid Thyrohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid Sternohyoid
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Fig. 11.9 Stylohyoid Posterior belly of digastric Semispinalis capitis
Mylohyoid Splenius capitis Anterior belly of digastric Levator scapulae Thyrohyoid Inferior constrictor Sternocleidomastoid Sternothyroid Superior belly of omohyoid Scalene muscles Sternohyoid Trapezius Inferior belly of omohyoid Platysma (cut) Anterolateral view Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Muscles that Move the Head and Neck
Fig. 11.9 Muscles that Move the Head and Neck Anterolateral neck muscles flex the neck Sternocleidomastoid Originates on sternum and clavicle Inserts on mastoid process of temporal bone Contraction of both flexes the neck Contraction of one rotates head to opposite side and laterally flexes neck Sternocleidomastoid Scalene muscles Trapezius Inferior belly of omohyoid Platysma (cut) Anterolateral view Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Muscles that Move the Head and Neck
Fig. 11.9 Muscles that Move the Head and Neck Anterolateral neck muscles flex the neck Scalene muscles (anterior, middle, and posterior) Originate from transverse processes of C2 to C7 Insert onto ribs 1 and 2 Elevate ribs 1 and 2 during inhalation Sternocleidomastoid Scalene muscles Trapezius Inferior belly of omohyoid Platysma (cut) Anterolateral view Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Muscles that Move the Head and Neck
Fig. 11.9 Muscles that Move the Head and Neck Trapezius Superior fibers support neck Originate on occipital protuberance (occipital bone) and spinous processes of C7 to T12 Insert on clavicle and scapula Pulls down on back of head Sternocleidomastoid Scalene muscles Trapezius Inferior belly of omohyoid Platysma (cut) Anterolateral view
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Fig Deeper Muscles of the Vertebral Column Deep Longissimus capitis Semispinalis capitis Splenius capitis Semispinalis cervicis Complex origins and insertions Extensive overlap Covered by superficial back muscles (trapezius and lattisimus dorsi) Serratus posterior superior External intercostals Splenius cervicis Transversospinalis Iliocostalis group Semispinalis thoracis Erector spinae Longissimus group Spinalis group Serratus posterior inferior Multifidus Internal oblique Quadratus lumborum External oblique (cut) Posterior view
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Fig Deep Muscles of the Vertebral Column Erector spinae group of muscles that maintain posture iliocostalis group most laterally placed longissimus group inserts on transverse processes of vertebrae spinalis group most medially placed insert on spinous processes of vertebrae Iliocostalis group Erector spinae Longissimus group Spinalis group Posterior view
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Fig Posterior view Deeper Muscles of the Vertebral Column Semispinalis capitis Transversospinalis connect and stabilize vertebrae includes semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis semispinalis thoracis extends and laterally flexes vertebral column multifidus extends and rotates vertebral column rotatores thoracis extends and rotates vertebral column Semispinalis cervicis Transverso- spinalis Semispinalis thoracis Multifidus Rotatores thoracis Transverse process of vertebra Spinous process of vertebra
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Fig Deeper Posterior view Quadratus lumborum Muscles of the Vertebral Column Quadratus lumborum located primarily in lumbar region bilateral contraction extends vertebral column unilateral contraction flexes vertebral column laterally
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Muscles of Respiration
Fig Scalene muscles Internal intercostals Transversus thoracis External intercostals Diaphragm (a) Anterior view Muscles of Respiration Muscles contract to increase volume of lungs, drawing air in (inhalation) On exhalation, most muscles relax, some contract to decrease volume of lungs, forcing air out respiration muscles are on anterior and posterior surfaces of thorax, deep to trapezius and latissimus dorsi, superficial to erector spinae muscles
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Muscles of Respiration
Fig Muscles of Respiration Scalene muscles external intercostals extend from superior rib to adjacent inferior rib lift rib on inhalation internal intercostals lie deep to external intercostals fibers at right angles to external intercostals depress ribs on exhalation External intercostals Internal intercostals Transversus thoracis Diaphragm (a) Anterior view
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Muscles of Respiration
Fig Muscles of Respiration serratus posterior superior attaches to ribs 2-5; elevates them in inhalation serratus posterior inferior attaches to ribs 8-12; depresses them during exhalation
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Muscles of Respiration
Fig Muscles of Respiration Scalene muscles transverse thoracis extends across inner surface of rib cage, inserts on ribs 2-6 depresses ribs Transversus thoracis Diaphragm (a) Anterior view (a) Interior view
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Muscles of Respiration
Fig Muscles of Respiration diaphragm is sheet of muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity aponeurosis in center is insertion point contraction of diaphragm pulls diaphragm down, increasing size of thoracic cavity Diaphragm (a) Anterior view
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Muscles of Respiration
Fig Muscles of Respiration diaphragm is sheet of muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity aponeurosis in center is insertion point contraction of diaphragm pulls diaphragm down, increasing size of thoracic cavity
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Muscles of Respiration
Fig (a) Diaphragm, inferior view Muscles of Respiration Sternum Xiphoid process Central tendon of diaphragm Costal cartilage diaphragm is sheet of muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity aponeurosis in center is insertion point (central tendon) contraction of diaphragm pulls diaphragm down, increasing size of thoracic cavity Caval opening Esophageal opening Left crus Aortic opening (hiatus) 12th rib L2 L3 Quadratus lumborum muscle (cut) Right crus L4 Psoas major muscle (cut)
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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Fig Muscles of the Abdominal Wall muscles compact and hold in the abdominal organs work together to flex and stabilize vertebral column unilateral contraction laterally flexes vertebral column
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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Fig Muscles of the Abdominal Wall rectus abdominis long, runs vertically entire length of abdominal wall from pubis (origin) to sternum (insertion) four segments created by three tendinous intersections (form “six pack”) enclosed in rectus sheath made by aponeurosis of external oblique internal oblique transversus obdominis Medial border of rectus sheaths is fibrous strip called linea alba Rectus abdominis Tendinous intersection Linea alba Rectus sheath
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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
external oblique most superficial of abdominal muscles two groups of muscles connected by aponeurosis inguinal ligament extends from anterior superior iliac spine to public tubercle along bottom of aponeurosis fibers run from superior lateral to inferior medial Transversus abdominis Internal obliques External obliques
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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Fig Muscles of the Abdominal Wall internal oblique deep to external oblique forms aponeurosis medially fibers run from inferior lateral to superior medial rotates vertebral column transversus obdominis deep to internal oblique fibers run laterally Transversus abdominis Internal obliques External obliques
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Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Fig Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Pelvic diaphragm = 3 layers of muscles and fasciae Extends from ischium and pubis to sacrum and coccyx Support pelvic viscera
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