1. Early Earth was a violent place. Volcanoes put huge quantities of carbon dioxide, water vapour, and some methane into the air. It was unliveable. What happened to all the water vapour? What happened to the carbon dioxide? What gases were put into the atmosphere once organisms evolved to photosynthesis? Describe the % composition of the current atmosphere? Nitrogen – Oxygen – Other gases – Which polluting gases are present in small amounts? NO NO 2 CO CO 2 SO 2 Why is it important to measure polluting gases? How could you check the data for… Reliability Validity Accuracy Why is CO2 and H2O released from a gas fired power station, but not from a coal fired power station? SO2 is also sometimes released from a power station. Describe how this can be removed. In a car nitrogen monoxide is produced due to the heat in the engine resulting in nitrogen and oxygen from the air reacting. Carbon monoxide is also produced because of a limited supply of oxygen. Explain what is in a car to try and reduce these pollutants. Why is it not always effective?

2. Explain the difference between COMPLETE COMBUSTION and INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION IDEAS ABOUT SCIENCE DATA – make sure you understand these terms. -Best estimate -Accurate -Valid -Reliable -Real difference REVIEW -Peer review -Working as a team -Proof ENVIRONMENT - New technology Complete the following word and symbol equations Carbon + oxygen  ______________________ C + O 2  CO 2 Methane + oxygen  _____________ + ______________ CH 4 + O 2  _______ + ________ Sulphur + oxygen  Sulphur dioxide _____ + _______  ___________ How does air quality affect someone who has asthma? How could it be prevented? Is there a LINK between pollen and hayfever? Give an example of CAUSE and EFFECT Give an example of CORRELATION with no CAUSE

3. What do each of these key words,used to describe properties of materials, mean? Stiff Flexible Hard Soft Strong Low density High density Strong in tension Strong in compression Put these into order of size. Fibre Material Molecule Atom Thread A polymer is a long chain molecule made up of repeating units called monomers. In a process called ______________________ What is the meaning of… Mono Poly Materials can be Natural or Synthetic. Include a heading for these lists. cottonnylon silkpolythene paperpolyester rubberkevlar woolPVC Synthetic polymers can sometimes be more superior to natural polymers, why do some people still choose to use natural polymers? Properties of molecules can be altered by altering the process in which they are made or through the addition of another substance. Why are plasticisers added to PVC? Why are cross links added to RUBBER? (Vulcanization) What is the difference in structure of the chains in LOW DENSITY and HIGH DENSITY polythene?

4. Some interesting new materials have been developed. What do you know about KEVLAR GORETEX VELCRO IDEAS ABOUT SCIENCE DATA -Reliability -Best estimate -Repeating measurements -Comparisons -Real difference -Control factors RISK -Effects on health -Possible precautions Most polymers come from crude oil. This is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Which two atoms are found in all hydrocarbons? When hydrocarbons are very small there are weak forces between the molecules and they are more likely to be… Solid LiquidGas When hydrocarbons are long and tangled they have many forces between the molecules. They are more likely to be Solid LiquidGas Nano technology is a new development working at the nano (atomic) scale. Each nanometre is 1 billionth of a metre, making it very very small. New products such as sun-creen, silver bandages, self cleaning windows, sports equipment have all been developed from NANOTECHNOLOGY. Because they have different properties they may have different risks. What precautions should be taken to minimise these risks? - Should the government be concerned about the use of nanotechnology in substances used by humans?

5. The movement of tectonic plates an d continents, as well as magnetic particles in rocks given us clues to the past. Rocks can also give us clues about the locations of minerals and what the UK used to be like millions of years ago. Explain the following words Tectonic plates Sedimentary rocks Fossils Erosion Mineral wealth Salt is used in food for flavouring and preservation some health risks include -High blood pressure -Heart disease -Stroke What advice could you give someone to try and reduce their salt intake? Salt is very important in the preservation of meat, flavouring food, treating road surfaces in the winter and also a source of chemicals such as chlorine. There are different ways of extracting it. How is salt extracted from the sea? How is salt extracted from rocks? What is solution mining? What chemicals can be made from salt? What does electrolysis mean? What are the environmental problems associated with making chemicals from salt?

6. Name 3 Alkalis. What are alkalis used for? COMPLETE THE WORD EQUATIONS Alkaline hydroxide + acid  ________ + __________ Metal carbonate + acid  ______ + _____________ + _________ What is the LEBLANC process? Water treatment has been a revolution in the health of the general public. What is the THREAT OF DISEASE is untreated water? What is meant by the CHLORINATION OF WATER? What are the RISKS OF WATER TREATMENT? The life cycle of chemicals is important to understand the different stages of the chemical industry. From PRODUCTION, USE and DISPOSAL. They are designed to help minimise risks and effects to the environment. Try and explain the key stages in the PVC life cycle. RAW MATERIALS? FROM CHEMICALS FROM GRANULES USE RECYCLING ENERGY RECOVERY LANDFILL What is important in the steps of a life cycle? CRADLE USE GRAVE Plasticisers are used in PVC to make it more flexible. PVC can be mixed with pigments to give really bright colours, it is long lasting, strong and easy to clean making it very useful for toys. PVC is also used in some medical devices. There is some fear that these plasticisers can leach out of the plastic and enter the child or patient. Some campaigners think these plasticisers ‘phthalates’ should be banned. What research could be done before the banning has been decided?