2.  THERE ARE MORE TO LECTURES THAN JUST SLIDES

3.  This topic covers everything associated with memory such as mnemonics, acronyms, acrostics, narrative chaining, and the peg word method.

4.  Mnemonic devices which use imagery, rehearsal or association.  A mnemonic device - any strategy or technique used to enhance memory.  There are many techniques used to enhance memory; however, the most effective ones are those which use imagery, rehearsal or association.

5.  Mnemonic devices which use imagery, rehearsal or association.  1. Method of Loci 2. The peg word method 3. Narrative chaining 4. Acrostics 5. Acronyms 6. Rhymes

6.  Method of loci - an ancient memory aid which involves choosing a location you know extremely well, such as your home.  You then take a mental walk through the location to choose various resting points along the way, e.g. the stove and the stereo.

7.  You then associate a segment of information to be remembered with a resting point.  To recall the information, you take a mental walk through the various locations where each location or resting point acts as a retrieval cue.

8.  Peg word method - also uses imagery or visualization to recall information. Information to be remembered is hung on mental 'pegs'. They are:  One is a bun  Two is a shoe  Three is a tree

9.  Four is a door  Five is a hive  Six is sticks  Seven is heaven  Eight is a gate  Nine is a line  Ten is a hen

10.  You then associate the items to be remembered with the pegs.  For example, if you needed to remember the words cat, cup and fish you might imagine a cat eating a bun, a shoe sitting in a cup and a fish hanging from a branch of a tree.

11.  Narrative chaining - another useful way to remember information such as a list of words.  A story is created around the words to be remembered, linking the words in a specific order.  For example, if you needed to remember the following list:  cat, baby, chair, book, fire, clock, cupboard, bed

12.  You might create a story like this.  There was a cat and a baby sitting on a chair reading a book in front of the fire.  The clock on the cupboard said time for bed.

13.  Now try to construct a story out of the list of words below:  tree, car, gate, bike, hose, bird, road, flower

14.  Acrostics - phrases, rhymes or poems in which the first letter of each word is a cue to retrieve another word which begins with the same letter.  For example, an acrostic to remember the planets in their correct order is (M)y (V)ery (E)yes (M)ay (J)ust (S)ee (U)nder (N)ine (P)lanets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto).

15.  Acronyms - words formed out of the first letters of a series of words. For example,NASA is an acronym for (N)ational (A)eronautics and (S)pace (A)dministration.

16.  Memory involves an active, information- processing system that receives, organises, stores and recovers information.  Various strategies have been devised to minimize forgetting and to improve encoding and retrieval from long- term memory.

17.  Encoding, storage and retrieval  Many definitions of memory liken it to a computer system. For information to be successfully memorized and retrieved for later use, it goes through a number of different stages.

18.  Encoding ----- Storage ------ Retrieval  Encoding - this involves changing stimuli into a useable form so the information can be transferred into storage.  This is just like a computer where information punched into the keyboard is transformed into an electronic code that the computer can store.

19.  Storage - this is the retention of information in our long-term memory (LTM) which can later be retrieved.  We store information in different areas of the brain whereas computers store information on disks.  Also, the storage of our LTM is limitless however, computers have a finite capacity.

20.  Retrieval - this is the process of recovering information from LTM.  We retrieve information via cues or prompts which is similar to computers.

21.  Measures of retention: recall, recognition, relearning.  Recall - the retrieval of information from LTM with minimal cues, e.g. as if you were given a blank sheet of paper and asked to recall a list of words.

22.  Recognition - when current information matches information stored in our LTM, e.g. matching the information presented to you in a multiple choice question with information you have previously learned.

23.  Recognition is generally a more effective method of retrieval compared to recall because it provides cues.  However, it is the least sensitive measure of retention because it relies on cues being in front of the person.

24.  Relearning - learning material again.  Ebbinghaus calculated a savings score when he relearned information.  This is a calculation made of the amount of time saved each time information is learned again.

25.  The savings score is calculated as follows:  Saving score = (time for original learning) - (time for relearning) * 100 (time for original learning)

26.  Of the three (recall, recognition, and relearning), relearning is the most sensitive measure of retention because it demonstrates that there is some information in memory.

27.  ------------------------- The retrieval of information from long term memory with minimal cues  -------------------------- Learning material again  -------------------------- When current information matches information stored in our long term memory.

28. (A). RECALL (B). RECOGNITION (C). RELEARNING. 1. The least sensitive measure of retention is................. 2. The most sensitive measure of retention is................