1. Carboniferous Limestone and Land use conflicts Higher revision:

2. How are we going to revise 2 stages: Stage 1: Carboniferous limestone carousel(s). Stage 2: Land use…….

3. Carboniferous limestone Carousel: Working in groups of 3 go to one of the numbered posters and pick up your pen. Draw a large triangle on the poster.

4. Carboniferous limestone Carousel task 1. You have 3 minutes to write down everything you can about carboniferous limestone. ONLY WRITE INSIDE THE TRIANGLE

5. Carboniferous limestone Carousel task 2. Now you are going to have 35 seconds at each of the other posters. You do not write anything. You are just gathering information.

6. Carboniferous limestone Carousel task 3. Change your scribe. Now you have another 2 minutes to add as much as you can to your sheet but this time WRITE OUTSIDE OF THE TRIANGLE.

7. Carboniferous limestone basics Carboniferous limestone was formed over 300 million years ago. The rock is around 80% calcium carbonate (CaC0 3 ) Limestone is hard, resistant rock bit it is fractured and divided into blocks based upon horizontal bedding planes and vertical joints. These lines of weakness make limestone permeable by allowing water to pass through.

8. Carboniferous limestone and weathering. This means there is very little surface drainage in limestone areas, but complex systems containing water exist underground.

9. Carboniferous limestone and weathering. This is the important part: Limestone is an alkaline rock. This makes it susceptible to attack by rainwater, which is a dilute carbonic acid. Chemical reactions dissolve the rock, a process known as carbonation, which is then carried in solution by the water.

10. Features you need to know

11. Permeability Rocks at A are? Rocks at B are? Name the features 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 swallow hole/pothole 2 pavement 3 scar 4 scree 5 cave/cavern 6 gorge

12. Carousel 2 Now you are going to be given a feature of carboniferous limestone and you must try and complete as much of the answer as possible in 3 minutes.

13. Feature: Limestone pavement

14. 1.Limestone is an alkaline rock. 2.It is a hard rock but it reacts with acidic rain and dissolves away. 3.Little material is left on the surface to form soil.So it appears as bare rock. The landscape can look very barren. 1.A Limestone pavement is formed due to chemical weathering. 2.The limestone is often bare and scratched due to the advance of a glacier. 1.Limestone is a hard rock, but it is also an alkaline rock. 1.This means that it is badly effected by carbonic acid, found in rainwater. 1.When the two meet a process called carbonation occurs and this wears away the rock.

15. 6. The Limestone’s surface is covered in lots of cracks. 7.Over time water has laid in these cracks, slowly dissolving the limestone. 8.This has made them deeper and wider.

16.  Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and made available through www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for non commercial use in schools The flat bare surfaces are called CLINTS and the large cracks where the water builds up are called GRYKES. CLINT GRYKE

17. Limestone Pavement on Scales Moor

18. Formation of a Cavern Chemical weathering, rock structure and permeability are all important factors in the formation of a cave. Bedding planes and joints are areas of weakness which are dissolved by chemical weathering. Water can pass along bedding planes and down joints The carbonic acid in the water reacts with the calcium carbonate in the limestone, dissolving it and removing it in solution. This forms tunnels along the bedding planes and joints. Chemical weathering continues and a cave forms over a long period of time. The action of the water also helps to remove rock. *** This process normally takes many thousands of years, but was speeded up significantly by the action of melt water from glaciation***

19. Limestone Cavern with Stalactites and Stalagmites Water which drips into caverns contains calcium carbonate that has dissolved from the limestone on it’s passage through the rocks. As the water percolates through rocks and drips from the cavern roof, the different atmosphere causes it to lose C0 2 and a white mineral known as calcite is precipitated out. Some of the water evaporates,, redepositing the calcium carbonate. This forms long thin fingers of dripstone deposits, known as stalactites. Where water drips from the ends of these and lands on the cavern floor a shorter, more rounded dripstone deposit will be formed. This is known as a stalagmites. Where stalactites and stalagmites join, a pillar is formed. In Northern England stalactites only grow by about 7.5mm per year! Stalactite Stalagmite Pillar Straw Stalactites Percolation

20. Limestone Cavern with Stalactites and Stalagmites

21. Swallow hole (sink)

22. Swallow Holes & Intermittent Drainage Where joints have been enlarged by solution water can seep downwards. A rock such as limestone which allow water to pass through is said to be permeable (A rock which doesn’t let water pass through is impermeable). Swallow holes are formed by the persistent widening of joints, for example where a stream leaves impermeable rock and meets permeable limestone, creating a disappearing stream. Thus on an O.S. map there will be very few streams marked on the map where the rock is exposed limestone. Where the rock is a mixture of limestone and impermeable rocks, streams disappear down swallow holes and then reappear at resurgence streams/spring. This is intermittent drainage.

23. In the Yorkshire Dales Fell Beck plunges underground through Gaping Gill and down a 110m waterfall. SD7572

24. Fell Beck travels through 11km of underground tunnels, before emerging at Clapham Beck Head – as a spring or resurgence stream.

25. Gorges There are varying explanations of the formations of gorges. Gorges were probably caused by a roof collapsing in areas where there has been active underground erosion of caverns. This may have followed a glacial meltwater surges when massive amounts of water flooded limestone areas. Essentially the joints and bedding planes were enlarged and as a results passageways, shafts and caverns formed and eventually collapsed, leaving a steep sided gorge. An alternative explanation is that the gorges are the outcome of retreating waterfalls, formed as glacier meltwater saturated the landscape at the end of the ice age, rising the water table level. Gordale Scar is thought to be an example of a gorge, although it is also believed that melt water streams after glaciation played a significant role in it’s formation.

26. Gordale Scar

27. Rural land resources: Loch Lomond. How does the landscape provides social and economic opportunities?

28. Glaciation creates upland areas with sharp peaks and steep slopes, devoid of quality soil because it has been scrapped bare by the action of glaciers. These conditions are used in Loch Lomond and The Trossachs for sheep farming as the animals are well adapted to live in such conditions. Government and EU grants have helped to make sheep farming profitable. Deer is can also live in these conditions and are found on these slopes; the meat can be sold to other EU countries to provide money for the area. Tourists come to the area to hunt the deer too.

29. Further down the glaciated slopes as the land becomes flatter, forestry is possible. Trees can grow in the cold and wet climate of Loch Lomond and the Trossachs and on the poor quality soil which is found. Non- native coniferous timber brought economic opportunity to the Area but these are being replaced by native species e.g. north of Loch Katrine which can be equally marketed for timber.

30. In Loch Lomond, the steepness of the area coupled with the high annual rainfall means that HEP is possible. Corries and hanging valleys in the area provide natural reservoirs which can be dammed and the steep sides provide potential energy required to turn the turbines. The station is able to generate electricity to the local area and beyond. Loch Sloy above the banks of Loch Lomond provides water for the HEP. Loch Lomond and Loch Katrine also provide water supply to nearby urban areas, such as Glasgow.

31. The flat floor of the U shaped valley also allows opportunities for communication links like the A82, which in turn can lead to opportunities for economic and social developments as better road links allows more people to visit and provides transport links for the timber industry. Visitors to the area offer economic opportunities such as the growth of B&B and hotels. This can help boost the economy of areas such as Luss.

32. The glaciated landscape of Loch Lomond and the Trossachs is very dramatic with corries, hanging valleys and steep slopes. Many people can therefore do various activities such as mountain biking, hill walking and sightseeing hence the area offers many social opportunities. Loch Lomond and the Trossachs also offers access to a number of Munros, such as Ben More, that the public can walk and climb. Loch Lomond offers opportunities for many water sports such as canoeing, sailing, water skiing and fishing and other social pursuits.

33. Conservation is another social opportunity in Loch Lomond. At Loch Lomond Shores, an education centre helps to educate people which can expand their understanding of the environment by taking part in the education programmes that the Ranger Service provides.

34. Land use conflicts Conflicts in Loch Lomond Area popular with tourists but is also bounded by other landowners reach with their own aims and rights so conflicts can occur Stalkers v walkers Loch pollution from boats Disturbance of fishing and water birds by jet skiers and other users of the loch Increased problem of littering the lochside and footpaths Erosion of the footpaths (West Highland Way) and cycle routes More and more people using the glens and the high tops so disturbance of wildlife. Deer stalking v regeneration of forestry Deer fencing v visual impact Increase in cars causing congestion and erosion Increase risk of fire. Military aircraft v pollution.

36. Rural land resources: Loch Lomond. What conflicts can arise in this area?