2. World War I

3. Allied Leaders USA – President Woodrow Wilson Great Britain – King George V France – Raymond Poincaré Russia – Tsar Nicholas II

4. Leaders of the Central Powers Germany – Kaiser Wilhelm II Austria-Hungary – Archduke Franz Ferdinand

5. Causes of WWI M:Militarism – countries were building up their militaries

6. Causes of WWI M:Militarism – countries were building up their militaries A:Alliances divided Europe into competing camps and diplomacy failed

7. Causes of WWI M:Militarism – countries were building up their militaries A:Alliances divided Europe into competing camps and diplomacy failed

8. Causes of WWI M:Militarism – countries were building up their militaries A:Alliances divided Europe into competing camps – diplomacy failed N:Nationalistic feelings

9. Causes of WWI M:Militarism – countries were building up their militaries A:Alliances divided Europe into competing camps – Diplomacy failed N:Nationalistic feelings I:Imperialism

10. Causes of WWI M:Militarism – countries were building up their militaries A:Alliances that divided Europe into competing camps N:Nationalistic feelings I:Imperialism A:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

11. Causes of WWI M:Militarism – countries were building up their militaries A:Alliances that divided Europe into competing camps N:Nationalistic feelings I:Imperialism A:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary C:Competition over colonies

12. Causes of WWI M:Militarism – countries were building up their militaries A:Alliances that divided Europe into competing camps N:Nationalistic feelings I:Imperialism A:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary C:Competition over colonies S:Sarajevo – where the assassination of Franz Ferdinand took place

15. World War I A Timeline, Outcomes, and the Treaty of Versailles

16. Battle of the Marne The Battle of the Marne was fought between September 5-10 th, 1914 After the battle the French had around 250,000 casualties and the British Expeditionary Forces with around 13,000. Although the Germans never published the figures, it is believed that German losses were similar to those of France. The most important consequence of the Battle of the Marne was that the French and British forces were able to prevent the German plan for a swift and decisive victory. However, the German Army was not beaten and its successful retreat ended all hope of a short war. The war was then turned into a long and bloody stalemate along the battlefields of France. This region in northern France became known as the Western Front.

17. New technologies Machine Gun: The British Vickers machine gun required a six man team to operate. One to fire, one to feed the ammunition, and the rest to help carry the weapon and supplies.

18. New Technologies Tanks: the British Mark 1 tank on September 26, 1916

19. New Technologies Poison Gas: Australian troops in trenches with gas masks Mustard Gas burns

20. New Technologies Submarines: German U-Boat

21. New Technologies Airplanes: used for the first time in air-to-air and air-to-ground combat The most famous pilot of the war was the German pilot Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen, known as the “Red Baron”

22. War in the Trenches Technology was superior to tactics Battles result in many deaths and very small land gains. Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary. New weapons only lead to more deaths. The slaughter reached a peak in 1916. February 1916: Battle of Verdun—Each side lost more than 300,000. July-November 1916: The Somme—Each side suffered more than 500,000 casualties. Only 5 miles were gained in each of these battles.

27. 26 Timeline of Major Events 1914 – June 28 Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated, starting a chain of events that led to World War I 1915 – May 7 The Lusitania is sunk by a German U-boat. 128 Americans perish. America is outraged. Germany responds by ceasing to sink ships without warning. 1916 – Feb. 21 to Dec. 18 The Battle of Verdun begins. It lasts 10 months. There are an estimated 1 million casualties. The battle is a draw. 1916 – July 1 to Nov. 18 The Battle of the Somme begins. It lasts 4.5 months. There are an estimated 1 million casualties, no clear breakthrough for the Allies.

28. 27 Timeline of Major Events 1917 – March 15 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicates (gives up the throne). 1917 – July 3 The United States enters the war on the side of the Allies (Zimmerman Telegram) 1917 – Nov. 7 Bolshevik socialists, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrow the Russian government.

29. 28 Timeline of Major Events 1917 – Dec. 3 Russia leaves the war, signing and armistice with Germany. 1918 – July 16-17 Former Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, children, and members of his entourage are murdered by the Bolsheviks. 1918 – Nov. 11 At 11 o’clock, on the 11 th day, of the 11 th month of 1918, the war ends with an armistice between the Allies and Central Powers.

30. 29 Outcomes of the War 1.Colonies that participated in the war increased demands for independence 2.WWI led to the end of the Russian Imperial, Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian empires 3.There was a massive cost of the war in lives, property, and social disruption (deadliest war before WWII)

31. 30 The Treaty of Versailles 1.Germany was forced to accept responsibility for war and loss of territory and to pay 2.Germany’s military was limited, it’s air force was forbidden 3.The League of Nations, an international diplomatic organization, was created. It was President Woodrow Wilson’s idea in his “Fourteen Points” speech which outlined his plan for world peace.

32. Battle of the Somme An overview of the battle

33. Overview July 1 – Nov. 18, 1916 One of the costliest battles of WWI Approximately 1.2 million casualties 420,000 British 200,000 French 500,000 German Dead German soldiers at Battle of the Somme

34. British gains

35. Cause and effect Attempt by the British to “push through” the German lines Fought along northwestern part of the Western Front After months of fighting, and several assaults up and down the front, resulted in small gains in land for England Greatly weakened German war effort overall

36. Causes of high death toll Massive loss of life due to new military technologies: machine guns artillery/mines hand grenades gas airplanes first use of tanks British gun crew wearing PH-type anti-gas helmets

37. Central Historical Question: A British trench July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme Who won the first day of the Battle of the Somme?

38. Central Historical Question Who won the first day of the Battle of the Somme? Day One Casualties: 57,470 British 8, 000 German 7, 000 French

39. Take 20 minutes to finish as much of the chart as possible. If you have completed it, you may start on the next assignment.

40. Causes Definition: What happened? Significance: What effect did it have on Russia? Industrialization in Russia Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) The Revolution of 1905 Russia’s Involvement in World War I Number of factories doubled between 1863-1900 Trans-Siberian Railroad built to connect Western Russia to Pacific Ocean ports Within 1 year, 4 million Russian soldiers were killed, wounded, or captured. They were defeated in many battles. 200,000 people went to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to protest; police and the army shot 500-1000 protesters War between Russian and Japan for control over Manchuria and Korea Rapid industrialization caused civil unrest – people were unhappy with low wages, poor working conditions, child labor World War I showed the Tsar’s weakness; the war was costly and the government was losing control; there was more civil unrest The Russian Parliament (Duma) was created but the Tsar didn’t relinquish any of his power; people were not happy Military losses against Japan caused unrest and led to revolts in Western Russia

41. Outcomes Definition: What happened? Significance: What effect did it have on Russia? Bolshevik Revolution and Seizure of Power Russian Civil War Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy Josef Stalin Succeeds Vladimir Lenin After the Tsar stepped down, the Bolsheviks took over the Winter Palace Stalin moved up in the Communist party and seized power and got rid of his opponents Small-scale version of capitalism; government did not control the entire economy Bolshevik Red Army fought against the White Army; 15 million Russians died The provisional government was replaced by Communist government; Russia signs peace treaty to leave WWI Russia turned into a totalitarian state where the government controlled every aspect of public and private life Peasants could sell their own surplus for profit; government controlled banks and major industries Bolshevik Red Army crushed all opposition, established Communist government

42. The Russian Revolution

43. Causes of the Russian Revolution 1.Russo-Japanese War: Japan defeats Russia in 1905. This sparks unrest and revolt in Russia.

44. Causes of the Russian Revolution 1.Russo-Japanese War: Japan defeats Russia in 1905. This sparks unrest and revolt in Russia. 2.Landless peasants are unhappy with with low standard of living and lack of political power.

45. Causes of the Russian Revolution 1.Russo-Japanese War: Japan defeats Russia in 1905. This sparks unrest and revolt in Russia. 2.Landless peasants are unhappy with with low standard of living and lack of political power. 3.Tsar Nicholas II is incompetent: refuses to give up any power; makes bad decisions

46. Causes of the Russian Revolution 1.Russo-Japanese War: Japan defeats Russia in 1905. This sparks unrest and revolt in Russia. 2.Landless peasants are unhappy with with low standard of living and lack of political power. 3.Tsar Nicholas II is incompetent: refuses to give up any power; makes bad decisions 4.Defeats and high casualties in WWI revealed the Tsar’s weakness as a leader

48. The Rise of Communism 1.The Bolshevik Revolution and Civil War transform Russia from a monarchy into a communist state

49. The Communist Anthem: L’Internationale L’Internationale 6 th Stanza Workers, peasants, we are The great party of labourers. The earth belongs only to men; The idle will go to reside elsewhere. How much of our flesh have they consumed? But if these ravens, these vultures Disappear one of these days, The sun will shine forever. |: This is the final struggle Let us group together, and tomorrow The Internationale Will be the human race. :|

50. Eventually, they adopt a new National Anthem An unbreakable union of free republics, The Great Russia has welded forever to stand. Long live the creation of the will of the people, The united, mighty Soviet Union! Be glorious, our free motherland, A reliable stronghold of the peoples' friendship! Banner of the Soviets, Banner of the people, May it lead from victory to victory! Through tempests the sun of freedom shone to us, And the great Lenin illuminated our path, We were raised by Stalin to be true to the people, To labour and heroic deeds he inspired us! We grew our army in battles, We will sweep the vile invaders out of the way! We shall in battle decide the fate of generations, We shall lead to glory our Motherland!

51. The Rise of Communism 1.Bolshevik Revolution and Civil War transform Russia from a monarchy into a communist state 2.Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy – allowed some private ownership but government controlled major industries

52. The Rise of Communism 1.Bolshevik Revolution and Civil War transform Russia from a monarchy into a communist state 2.Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy – allowed some private ownership but government controlled major industries 3.Joseph Stalin succeeds Lenin (who dies in 1924) after power struggle with Leon Trotsky.