1. Psychological Disorders Ch. 12

2. medical model  “disease” psychology  psychological disorder  interaction…biological cognitive social behavioral factors What is Psychological Disorder?

3. normal - –f–f–f–follow majority / societal norms average? –r–r–r–routine / ordinary who decides? abnormal  failure to adjust –p–physical / emotional / social / behavioral  i interrupts daily functioning

4. hallucinations delusions affect

5. subtle signs… distress - maladaptiveness - irrationality - act or talk unpredictability - behavior @ times & situations unconventionality & undesirable behavior  “abnormal”- 2+ (degree / frequency / judgment)

6. How are Psychological Disorders Classified? most widely used system-  DSM-IV: classifies disorders mental & behavioral symptoms

7. medical model- “ mental illness” & “mental health” –d–disturbance… physical sickness iinsanity psychological model- combo of perspectives DDSM-V [AP (sychiatric) A] diagnosing criteria --- symptoms

8. Multiaxial Classification 8 Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present? Axis IV What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning? Axis V Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present? Axis III Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present? Axis II Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present? Axis I

9. Mood Disorders emotional disturbances interfering w/ normal life functioning (Axis 1) Depressive Disorders Bipolar Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Single Recurrent Dysthymia Bipolar II – no mania Bipolar I

10. Major depression – form of depression  does not alternate w/ mania – seasonal affective disorder – seasonal affective disorder (SAD) – dysthymic Major Depressive Disorder Blue Mood Dysthymic Disorder Major Depression Dysthymia

11. Bipolar disorder – involving mood swings  mania to depression  formerly manic-depressive disorder – cyclothymic – hypomania Depressive SymptomsManic Symptoms Elation Euphoria Desire for action Hyperactive Multiple ideas Gloomy Withdrawn Inability: decisions Tired Slowness of thought

12. Depression Mania Hypomania Mixed Episode Normal Mood

13. Mania: alleviated w/ reduced norepinephrine Depression = reduction of norepinephrine & serotonin post-synaptic neuron pre-synaptic neuron Norepinephrine Serotonin

15. Freud: similarities b/w grief & depression – depression is grief (anger & sadness) turned against the self – actual or symbolic loss can trigger depression – childhood losses/separations create vulnerability Psychodynamic Views

16. experience a decline in rewards (social)  downward spiral of decreasing rewards = depression  theoretical problem: does decline in rewards cause depression? or does depression cause decline in rewards? Behavioral Views

17. Depression  ingrained, negative thought patterns main theories: 1-Beck’s “Explanatory Style” 2-Seligman’s “learned helplessness” Negative Thinking maladaptive attitudes (rooted in childhood) – “If I make a mistake, I’m worthless” attitudes  entrenched schemas stress triggers negative schemas Cognitive Views

18. Explanatory Style Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.

20. Treatments Mood stabilizers  lithium Social Rhythm Interpersonal Cognitive-Behavioral

21. Symptoms… personal inadequacy / avoidance of problems – unrealistic self-image – fears & worries Expressed… mood swings / physical symptoms relationship difficulty

22. Generalized anxiety disorder – persistent & pervasive feelings of anxiety, w/o any external cause Panic disorder – panic attacks: no connection to events in present experience Agoraphobia – fear of public places/open spaces

23. Phobias– (grp) pathological fear of specific object / situation –s–social –s–specific: subtypes * situational * natural environment develops… ppreparedness hypothesis – innate tendency (natural selection) - respond quickly & automatically to stimuli posing a survival threat * injury or blood * animals / insects

24. Obsessive-compulsive disorder – condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts & behaviors

25. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder exposure to traumatic event & experienced 4+ weeks of following symptoms (1+) … 1. Haunting memories / “flashbacks” 2. Social withdrawal: avoids stimuli / situations 3. Increased physical arousal 4. Anxiety & guilt 5. Sleep problems

26. psychological problems: form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints – not real! Conversion disorder – paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation – no discernible physical cause Hypochondriasis – excessive concern about health & disease – (@ least 6 months)  age/gender Glove Anesthesia

27. Body Dysmorphic Disorder preoccupation w/ imagined defect in appearance = ugliness – slight physical anomaly  excessive concern  preoccupation = significant distress or impaired functioning

28. Dissociative disorders – “fragmentation” of personality Dissociative amnesia psychologically induced loss of memory –p–p–p–personal info –t–t–t–traumatic or stressful nature –e–e–e–extensive  NOT ordinary forgetfulness Dissociative fugue amnesia + “flight” –h–h–h–home / family / job  new ID

29. Depersonalization disorder sensation of mind & body having separated –e–e–e–experience: near-death OR trauma Dissociative identity disorder individual displays multiple identities –m–m–m–memory disruptions –2–2–2–2+ distinct “alters” control behavior  d d d develop? emerge?  a a a aware of “others” --- name/ history NNNNOT integrated --- embody aspects of primary

31. Schizophrenia – (split / broken mind) distortions- thoughts / perceptions &/or emotions distortions- thoughts / perceptions &/or emotions symptoms… symptoms… – delusions / hallucinations – language issues – disturbances of affect – attention / memory issues – movement issues  positive / negative symptoms  stats… male/ 18-25

32. Subtypes… Paranoid : preoccupation w/ delusions or hallucinations (grandeur / persecution) Disorganized : disorganized speech / behavior, or flat / inappropriate emotion Catatonic : immobility (or waxy flexibility), extreme negativism, &/or parrot like repeating of another’s speech or movements Undifferentiated : “catch all” ** residual* : no present symptoms

33. environmental / genetic / biochemical –d–diathesis-stress hypothesis –t–twin studies –b–brain abnormalities ddopamine hypothesis

34. CT Scan: John Hinkley, Jr. (left) / normal 25-year-old’s brain (right)

37. Personality disorders chronic, pervasive, inflexible, & maladaptive… –t–thinking –e–emotion –s–social relationships –i–impulse control Narcissistic grandiose sense of self-importance preoccupation w/ fantasies of success & power need for constant attention (criticism) –p–poor interpersonal skills

38. Antisocial long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior –l–lack of conscience eemotionally shallow –d–diminished sense of responsibility to others ppsychopath / sociopath positive societal roles…

39. Borderline unstable personality given to impulsive behavior – unpredictable moods – confrontational relationships – unstable self image  absolutes!! Causes: attachment / abuse

40. Ideally: Ideally: accurate diagnoses = proper treatments  diagnoses may  labels depersonalize individuals ignore social & cultural contexts What are the Consequences of Labeling People?

41. Plea of Insanity Insanity – legal term: person unable to conform behavior to law – mental disorder or defect

42. 42

43. Abnormal Behavior

44. “abnormal”… –m–meaningful relationships –s–social responsibilities –s–social environment no acute anxiety normal behavior self-defeating personality patterns

45. issues --- societal norms / emotions –r–rules / immature & shallow / extremely selfish ddestructive behavior --- i ii impulsive intelligent entertaining faker

46. Antisocial trouble relating to others E. Kemper & J. Dahmer

47. Psychopath criminal tendencies --- lack of inhibitions emotions conscience –d–diminished guilt & anxiety C. Manson & E. Gein

48. Sociopath no conscience- emphasizes social aspects –t–thoughts & behaviors benefit Hitler & Stalin T. McVeigh & D. Koresh

49. Superficial charm Self-worth Stimulation desired Pathological lying Manipulative Lack remorse or guilt Lack empathy Parasitic lifestyle Poor behavioral control Promiscuous sex Lack long-term plans Impulsivity Responsibility issues Juvenile delinquency Criminal versatility Desire authority / power

50. gender / race socioeconomic background abusive home –M–MacDonald Triad pyromania torturer bed-wetter A. Fish Berkowitz

51. pre-crime stressor 3-4 victims –s–strangers –r–random –s–symbolic (method of kill) –v–vulnerable psychological motive Wournos Malvo & Muhammad

52. lifestyle & oddities –f–fascinated w/ power & authority –r–religion –t–trophies –p–pride & arrogance BTK GacySon of Sam

58. McLaughlin’s Class Deviation from statistical Deviation from social norms Maladaptiveness of behavior Personal distress Psychological health Legal definition

59. Write a sentence for each word that describes an experience you had that is associated with that respective word… – Train – Ice – House – Meeting – Machine – Road – Rain – Tunnel Rate each experience whether --- pleasant or unpleasant Tally the total number of pleasant & unpleasant experiences

60. How have you felt today? – Happy? Sad? Somewhat depressed? – The number of pleasant vs. unpleasant experiences you recalled should be related to your mood today. – When depressed, we remember more unpleasant events.

61. Psychopathology Psychopathology – any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to situation & leading to personal distress or inability to achieve important goals – synonymous terms: Mental illness Mental disorder Psychological disorder