1. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 Recent Advances in THGEM Detectors M. Cortesi, A. Breskin, R. Chechik, R. Alon, J. Miyamoto Weizmann institute of science, Rehovot, Israel V. Dangendorf Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany

2. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08Amos Breskin 2008 CERN-LHC-ALICE Rutherford & Geiger 1908 1908 Van der Graaf 1968 Charpak

3. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 Micro-pattern gas detectors Scaling down the distance between electrodes : -) Larger signal -) Fast ions collection  high rate capability -) Improved localization accuracy (almost as good as solid state det.) Sauli (1997) Detector already used in various HEP experiments Giomataris (1996)

4. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 Thick-GEM (THGEM) multipliers Manufactured by standard PCB techniques of precise drilling in G-10 (and other materials) and Cu etching. ECONOMIC & ROBUST ! Hole diameter d = 0.3 - 1 mm Distance between holes a = 0.7- 7 mm Plate thickness t = 0.4 - 3 mm Chechik et al. NIM A535 (2004) 303 1e - in 10 4 -10 5 e - out E 0.1 mm rim to prevent discharges Single-electron sensitivity Effective single-photon detection 8ns RMS time resolution Sub-mm position resolution >MHz/mm2 rate capability Cryogenic operation: OK Broad gas & pressure selection

5. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 Gain 10 4 -10 5 (single electrons) Example: THGEM photon detector with reflective CsI photocathode. : Gain Single-THGEM: Gain 0.4 mm Reflective PC 0.7 mm 0.3 mm C. Shalem et al. NIM A558 (2006) 475 & NIM A558 (2006) 468 New Result UV

6. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 Higher total gain (10 6 -10 7 ) >10 3 higher gain at same V TGEM Better stability Double-THGEM multiplier: Gain 10 7 10ns R. Chechik et al. NIM A553(2005)35 Single photoelectrons C. Shalem et al. NIM A558(2006)468 New Result Timing resolution RMS: MIPs & single photon ~ 10 nsec Multi-Photons pulses ~ 1 nsec UV Reflective PC R. Alon et al. 2008 JINST 3 P11001

7. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 A VERY FLAT GASEOUS IMAGING DETECTOR 100x100mm 2 THGEM With 2D delay-line readout M. Cortesi et al. 2007 JINST 2 P09002 Resistive anode (C paint-sprayed on PCB) E Hole E Tran E Ind E Drift Soft X-Ray Localization resolution: 0.7mm FWHM Ar/Ch 4

8. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 30x30 cm 2 THGEM! Oct. 2008

9. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 Photon detector w reflective CsI PC deposited on the THGEM (e.g. RICH photon detectors) Properties: -) High efficiency for single-photon detection -) Low sensitivity to MIPS background radiation (e.g. in RICH). (same principle as with multi-GEMs for RHIC- PHENIX hadron blind detector) Extensive R&D for upgrade of COMPASS & ALICE RICH e Ref. PC E drift E E E=0 MIP

10. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 THGEM Muon Chambers CMB experiment @ FAIR: Muon Chamber Main Requirement: Large Area Detector with a HIGH Rate capability Single electrons Rate capability 10MHz/mm 2 with a GAIN of ~10 4 A possible solution: Simple & Economic!

11. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 THGEM: sampling elements in Digital Hadron Calorimetry @ ILC Intl. Linear Collider (ILC): “NEW PHYSICS” needs improved jet-energy resolutions 30%/ √ E Digital Hadron Calorimetry: Different concepts proposed for the active sampling elements THGEM: a new solution proposed by Univ. Texas @ Arlington (UTA) & Weizmann  Interlaced steel-plates and THGEM multipliers.  Simple, robust, thin, compact, stable, high gain SIMULATION THGEM-based DHCAL

12. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 Applications at cryogenic temperature Medical: LXe Gamma camera 2-phase LXe detectors for rare events neutrino-phys, double-beta decay, Dark-matter… Radio-clean material (CIRLEX) photons THGEM-based photomultipliers M.Gai-UCONN / D.McKinsey-YALE / A.Breskin-WEIZMANN Also: Weizmann/Budker cooperation LXe a possible upgrade for “XENON” DM

13. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 Applications with Neutrons Weizmann/PTB/Soreq Multiplier 1 Multiplier 2 gas B, Li, Gd…converter: thermal neutron detector Fast Neutron radiography n THGEMs Read-out electrodes Neutron - charged particles converter Gy/h mm THGEMs Neutron moderator e.g. Li/PE THGEMs Read-out electrodes THGEMs Read-out electrodes THGEMs Position-Sensitive spectrometer for BNCT gas Fast-neutron radiography

14. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 n elemental radiography 2D image with 30x30 cm triple-GEM In preparation: double-THGEM Pulsed neutrons + TOF Multiple images at different energies  different absorption cross-sections  radiography of different elements graphite Graphite image

15. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 Single-photon Single-photon imaging. e.g. Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors. Particle Fast Particle tracking at moderate (sub-mm) resolutions + high rates. e.g. muon-detector @LHC2 @ ILC. TPC (Time Projection Chamber) moderate-resolution readout elements for large-volume rare-event detectors. Sampling elements in calorimetry. Ionization & scintillation recording from Liquid noble-gas detectors, including 2-phase detectors (Dark-Matter, neutrino, Gamma Cam…) X-ray n Moderate-resolution (sub-mm), fast (ns) X-ray and n imaging. Summary Recent review: Breskin et al. 2008 “A concise review on THGEM detectors” NIMA, online in Science Direct. arXiv:0807.2026 & references therein Robust, economic, large-area radiation imaging detectors FAST, HIGH-RATE, MODERATE LOCALIZATION RESOLUTION

16. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 MICRO-GROOVE CHAMBER Bellazzini et al NIMA424(99)444 MICROWIRE CHAMBER B. Adeva et al NIMA461(2001)33 MICRO-PIN ARRAY (MIPA) P. Rehak et al TNS NS47(2000)1426 MICRO-PIXEL CHAMBER Ochi et al NIMA471(2001)264 FIELD GRADIENT LATTICE DETECTOR (FGLD) L.Dick et al NIMA535(2004)347 NEW DEVELOPMENTS: MICRO-PATTERN GAS DETECTORS MPGD

17. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08  Cosmic ray Double-THGEM: timing (β/Cosmic Ray) 3mm THGEM Lost Events Cartoon double stage

18. THGEM Marco Cortesi Weizmann Institute of Science PANIC08 Among current applications: Gy/h mm photons LXe Medical: LXe Gamma camera Pos-sens n-dosimetry - BNCT n-detectors n elemental radiography gas photomultipliers 2-phase LXe detectors for rare events n-phys, bb-decay, Dark-matter… LXe