2. The IMMUNE System Unit 3 Transportation Systems Provide immunity (protection) to the body by protecting against disease Identify and kill pathogens and tumor (cancer) cells

3. Disease: Any change, other than injury, that disrupts homeostasis

4. Types of Disease: 1. Genetic – inherited diseases (in DNA) 2. Infectious – caused by pathogens 3. Body Malfunction- organ mistakes 4. Lifestyle – what we do/eat

5. WAYS WE GET SICK – 1. Contact with : –Bacteria –Virus –Fungi –Parasite 2. Lack of –Vitamins –Nutrients 2. Too Much –Fats 3.Born with it!!! 4. Organ Malfunctions –Heart Attack –Diabetes –Collapsed Lung 5. High Risk Activities –Tanning –Smoking –Cold Temps –Hot Temps

6. What we can “catch” to make us sick? Disease-causing agents bacteria viruses Protists fungus parasites

7. Take a look at these pathogens… Viruses – flu, polio, chicken pox, colds, AIDS Bacteria – strep, anthrax, botulism Fungus – athletes foot Parasites/Protists – malaria, dysentery (amoeba), worms

8. KEEP THEM OUT!!! 1st line of DEFENSE– Structures meant to keep pathogens OUT –Skin –Cilia –Mucus –Eye lashes/lids/brows –tears Weak Spots…… 1.Cuts in skin 2.Eyes 3.Rest of face (mouth and nose)

9. 2nd Line – Inflammatory Responses Release chemical histamine  CAUSES –Sneezing, coughing –Increased mucus –Inflammation –FEVER - an increase in body temperature Still nonspecific…

10. If a pathogen gets by the nonspecific defenses the immune system reacts with a series of specific defenses that attack the particular disease-causing agent.  Job: RAR!!  Phagocytes:  Lymphocytes: T cells: destroy infected body cells B cells: Inactivate invaders

11. Cell RECEPTORS.. -Proteins on outside of cells for communication -SPECIFIC!! Example: ANTIGENS –A substance that triggers the immune response - Ex: jerseys on cells

12. IMMUNE RESPONSE ANTIBODIES –recognize and ATTACK “non self” antigens (foreign) and REMEMBER (RAR!!) –Found in plasma –SPECIFIC!!!!!!

14. Transplants Organ’s Antigens must be nearly identical Organ rejection –Body Recognizes and Attacks because it sees it as foreign Immune Suppressant drugs necessary – to weaken immune system

15. BLOOD TYPING Our increased knowledge of immunity has resulted in the ability to type blood and transplant organs. Blood Type Contains Antigens Plasma has Antibodies against! Can Give Blood to… Can Receive Blood From… A B AB O

16. AN EXAMPLE OF ANTIGEN/ANTIBODY REACTIONS Blood Typing Game Old blood typing game Blood Type Donor Blood Type of Recipient ABABO A B O

17. Facts…. Facts About Blood and Your Blood Donation The average adult has 10 to 12 pints of blood in their body; Your one donation can save up to 3 lives! No valid substitute for blood so when you need it the only place to get it is from other human beings; Medical research show African Americans have some rare blood traits found in their blood; Any day, these facts could mean the difference between life and death; Every 3 sec, someone needs a blood transfusion, that's 16 people every minute, 960 every hour; 23,040 every day, or 8,409,600 every year; You cannot get AIDS or any other disease by giving blood; You can give whole blood every 56 days, single platelets every 48 hours, or a single plasma donation every 28 days. Blood Type and RH% of Population O Positive38% O Negative7% A Positive34% A Negative6% B Positive9% B Negative2% AB Positive3% AB Negative1%

18. Clumping = + (Positive) No Clumping = - (Negative)

19. Ways of Acquiring (getting) Immunity ACTIVE immunity— –Body MAKES OWN ANTIBODIES against pathogen –Last LONG TIME (“ ACTIVE - body is doing something!!!!”) –EX: 1. Get sick– body RAR! –EX: 2. Vaccine – body RAR!

20. VACCINATIONS (MUST KNOW)  Contains dead or weakened pathogen  Body RAR!! the vaccine  (They are not as strong as the disease so the person does not get sick)

21. Passive Immunity Get antibodies from outside source (Does NOT make own antibodies) LASTS SHORT TIME “PASSIVE - Body just sits backs and relaxes” EXAMPLES: Antibiotics- antibodies in a pill (fights BACTERIA) Mother to young– antibodies through placenta or breast milk

22. Diseases and Disorders Allergies Autoimmune diseases/Genetic Immunodeficiency diseases

23. Allergy - Over reaction of the immune system to nonharmful antigens Allergens: pollen, dust, mold, bee stings, nuts HISTAMINE – - chemical starts Inflammatory response (cause increase of blood flow, mucus build-up, etc) ANTIHISTAMINE— Chemical that stops/blocks inflammatory response

24. Autoimmune Diseases The immune system attacks some of the body’s own cells  Type I diabetes (juvenile diabetes)  Antibodies attack the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas  Can’t control blood sugar levels  Rheumatoid Arthritis  Antibodies attack connective tissues around the joints  Myasthenia gravis  Antibodies attack the neuromuscular junctions  Multiple Sclerosis (MS)  Antibodies destroy the functions of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord

25. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome –Pathogen = HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) –HIV is transmitted in blood and semen (bodily fluids) Usually through unprotected sex or shared needles –HIV kills helper T-cells, weakens your immune response NO CURE

26. Homeostasis failure due to personal behavior LUNG CANCER EMPHYSEMA CIRRHOSIS HEART DISEASE