2. A. R. S. E. and the Short - Term Causes of WWI R. Scott Peoples, Fairview HS, Boulder, CO

3. A.R.S.E.A.R.S.E. A -Assassination and Austria-Hungary – Austrian heir; “Black Hand” Serbian nationalists; Sarajevo, June 28, 1914 – Austria receives “blank cheque” reassurance of German support – Austria issues bullying ultimatum to Serbia R -Russia mobilizes – Russia supports Serbia (pan-Slavism) – At first orders a “partial mobilization along A-H border, later a full mobilization S -Schlieffen Plan – Germany’s plan for a 2-front war – Eliminate France by attacking through neutral Belgium and encircling Paris from the North – Armies then sent East to meet the slower-mobilizing Russians E -England intervenes – 1839 Treaty contains British promise to protect Belgian neutrality – Kaiser thinks it will be ignored as a “scrap of paper” – It’s not – B.E.F. sent across the Channel to Belgium

4. Europe in 1914

5. Very Cool Interactive Map of World War One ( and a great study aid ) http://www.worldolo gy.com/Europe/world _war_1_imap.htm http://www.worldolo gy.com/Europe/world _war_1_imap.htm Especially valuable for the country-by- country breakdown of the effects of the war Screen cap of linked site

6. SUMMER, NINETEEN - FOURTEEN

8. Old Aristocracy vs. “ Young Bosnians ” Franz Ferdinand 50-year-old archduke and heir to A-H throne 50-year-old archduke and heir to A-H throne Reformer – wants to organize Slavic states into 3 rd Crown as bulwark against Serb irredentism Reformer – wants to organize Slavic states into 3 rd Crown as bulwark against Serb irredentism Visits Sarajevo, Bosnia, to conduct troop review Visits Sarajevo, Bosnia, to conduct troop review The Black Hand Serbian secret military society, est. 1901 w/ at least tacit approval of gov’t Serbian secret military society, est. 1901 w/ at least tacit approval of gov’t irredentist – sought to unite Slavs under Serb rule, w/ unifications of Italy and Germany as examples irredentist – sought to unite Slavs under Serb rule, w/ unifications of Italy and Germany as examples Assassin: Gravilo Princip, 21 years old Assassin: Gravilo Princip, 21 years old

9. Sophie, the Czech countess Morganatic wife: not as highborn as FF, they married for love, and experienced social difficulties as a result Treated as a commoner at court Children not allowed to ascend throne She and FF deeply loved one another – AJP Taylor: – [Sophie] could never share [Franz Ferdinand's] rank... could never share his splendours, could never even sit by his side on any public occasion. There was one loophole... his wife could enjoy the recognition of his rank when he was acting in a military capacity. Hence, he decided, in 1914, to inspect the army in Bosnia. There, at its capital Sarajevo, the Archduke and his wife could ride in an open carriage side by side... Thus, for love, did the Archduke go to his death. Interesting thing here is the notion of how important this stuff was at the time – court intrigues and the succession to thrones could have geopolitical implications in a way that will never again be the case after the Great War

10. Franz and Sophie leaving the Sarajevo town hall, minutes before being killed

11. Sarajevo, Bosnia : Gravilo Princip being arrested after shooting Franz Ferdinand

12. Anti - Serb Riots throughout A - H, especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina A-H governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina orchestrates mass uprisings on the day after the assassination Takes on characteristics of a pogrom 100s of Serb- owned businesses and homes damaged or destroyed

13. “ Serbia must die !”

14. July Crisis The Wikipedia article on the July Crisis is actually quite good, if rather lengthy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis June 28 – heir to throne of Austria-Hungary assassinated; Serbian nationalists blamed Serbia won’t allow A-H investigators to operate in Serbia A-H looks to Germany for support, receives “blank cheque” A-H decides to eliminate Serbia once and for all; drafts ultimatum so harsh it will almost certainly be rejected

15. Ultimatum presented to Serbian Gov ’ t by Austria - Hungary Suppress all publications which "incite hatred and contempt of the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy" and are "directed against its territorial integrity" Dissolve Serbian nationalist organizations Censor school texts and public docs for "propaganda against Austria- Hungary" Fire from mil & gov’t officials named by A-H Accept in Serbia "representatives of the Austro-Hungarian Government" for the "suppression of subversive movements". Try all accessories to FF’s murder, + allow A-H cops to investigate in Serbia Arrest specific, named individuals Cease arms smuggling; fire anti-A-H officials Provide "explanations" to A-H gov’t re/ "Serbian officials" who have expressed themselves in interviews "in terms of hostility to the Austro- Hungarian Government". Notify A-H "without delay" that Serbia has carried out the demands

16. British Prime Minister Asquith, in a letter to a friend "…the situation is just about bad as it can possibly be. Austria has sent a bullying and humiliating ultimatum to Serbia, who cannot possibly comply with it, and demanded an answer within forty-eight hours - failing which she will march. This means, almost inevitably, that Russia will come to the scene in defence of Serbia and in defiance of Austria, and if so, it is difficult for Germany and France to refrain from lending a hand to one side or the other. So that we are in measurable, or imaginable, distance of a real Armageddon. Happily, there seems to be no reason why we should be anything more then [sic] spectators." Herbert Asquith

17. “ If you …”

18. July Crisis July 28: A-H declares war on Serbia; Russia declares mobilization on A-H border German general staff is hawkish, pressures Kaiser to reject (GB) peacemaking efforts German Chancellor Bethmann- Hollweg tells British about German plans in an effort to ensure Brit neutrality; has opposite of intended effect War Minister Erich von Falkenhayn

19. Bethmann - Hollweg, to the German ambassador in Vienna “If, therefore, Austria should reject all mediation, we are faced with a conflagration in which Britain would be against us, Italy and Romania in all probability not with us. We should be two Powers against Four. With Britain an enemy, the weight of the operations would fall on Germany…Under these circumstances we must urgently and emphatically suggest to the Vienna Cabinet acceptance of mediation under the present honourable conditions. The responsibility falling on us and Austria for the consequences which would ensure in case of refusal would be uncommonly heavy.” Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg

20. What France was paying attention to in the months before the war … January – Gaston Calmette, editor of Le Figaro, begins running a series of political and personal exposés on Finance Minister Joseph Cailloux 16 March – Joseph Caillaux's wife buys a Browning automatic pistol in the morning, shoots Calmette late that afternoon at offices of Le Figaro; Madame Cailloux goes to jail a romantic martyr; Monsieur Cailloux resigns his political post in the Cabinet; Calmette dies that evening July - Speculation over the upcoming trial of Madame Cailloux for the murder of Gaston Calmette; French public absorbed and distracted by details of the trial and surrounding scandals

21. Willy - Nicky Telegrams A series of short telegrams sent 7/29-8/1 between the Kaiser and the Tsar, who were related and close enough to call one another “Willy” and “Nicky.” Both leaders try to reassure one another of desire to avoid general war, express regret that things have come to this Text available at http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.ph p/The_Willy-Nicky_Telegrams http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.ph p/The_Willy-Nicky_Telegrams Wilhelm II (l) and Nicholas II (r) wearing the uniforms of one another’s armies in 1905

22. Asquith to his friend, Venetia Stanley “The European situation is at least one degree worse than it was yesterday, and has not been improved by a rather shameless attempt on the part of Germany to buy our neutrality during the war by promises that she will not annex French territory (except colonies) or Holland or Belgium. There is something very crude & childlike about German diplomacy. Meanwhile the French are beginning to press in the opposite sense, as the Russians have been doing for some time.” Venetia Stanley in 1915

23. The Guns of August Jul 31: Russia declares full mobilization Schlieffen Plan – This triggers the Schlieffen Plan Aug 1: Germany mobilizes, invades Luxembourg, issues ultimatum to France, declares war on Russia; France mobilizes Aug 2: Luxembourg occupied Aug 4: Germany declares war on neutral Belgium, invades; GB declares war on Germany

24. Western Front - The Schlieffen Plan “Remember to keep the right flank strong” – last words of Count Alfred von Schlieffen, 1913. Von Moltke didn’t heed his advice

25. Plan XVII – Elan

26. Schlieffen Vs Plan XVII

27. É lan in action

28. Some of the Last Armored Cavalry Ever

29. Belgian Resistance Led personally by King Albert Led personally by King Albert Germans forced to lay siege to series of 19 th - c. forts Germans forced to lay siege to series of 19 th - c. forts Threw off Schlieffen Plan timetables Threw off Schlieffen Plan timetables Allowed time for French to regroup, British to arrive Allowed time for French to regroup, British to arrive http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww1/cou/w1c-bel.html http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww1/cou/w1c-bel.html

30. British Intervention US poster from late in war

31. “ Scrap of Paper ”

32. Brothers in Arms