1. Biotechnology
The use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to manufacture products intended to improve the quality of human life.

2. Transgenics
Genetic engineering makes it possible to transfer DNA sequences from one organism to another
REMEMBER- DNA is universal
A gene taken from one species can be replicated in another species.

3. Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA contains DNA from 2 or more different sources.
So how does DNA get from one species to another?
Vector: a mechanism needed to transfer DNA from one organism to another
Microinjection
Gene Gun
Bacteria Plasmid
Virus

4. Recombinant DNA The host cell is often a bacteria cell
Bacteria are used because they have plasmids
A plasmid is a circular
piece of DNA that exists
apart from the
chromosome and
replicates independently of it.

5. So how do I take a gene from one organism and put it into another?
We need to use Restriction Enzymes

6. What are Restriction Enzymes?
Proteins
Used by bacteria to cut viral DNA
They “restrict” the growth of viruses
What does this have to do with transgenics?!

7. Restriction Enzymes
Cut strands of DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
There are many different restriction enzymes that each cut DNA at different nucleotide sequences
Usually occurs at a palindrome
5’ GAATTC
3’ CTTAAG

8. Sticky Ends Most restriction enzymes cut DNA with a staggered cut
The staggered cuts leave the DNA with end pieces “sticking off”
We call these “sticky ends”
These exposed N-bases will want to join with other complimentary exposed bases

9. So what ?
What do you predict could happen if two pieces of DNA are cut with the same restriction enzyme???
YES! They will have the same “sticky ends”
How could we use this???

10. Restriction Enzymes can be used to make Recombinant DNA.
The gene of interest can be isolated using Restriction Enzymes

11. Making Recombinant DNA…
Once the gene is isolated, how do we join it with the organism’s DNA?
Cut the organism’s DNA with the same restriction enzyme…why
The sticky ends will naturally be attracted to each other
Add DNA LIGASE: an enzyme that seals the fragments together

12. Now whenever the bacteria plasmid replicates, the gene will be cloned.
Gene Cloning: the production of many identical copies of the same gene.

14. You have created a Transgenic Organism!
organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA (rDNA) from a different organism

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