1. Taxonomy vs Cladistics Taxonomy Arbitrary, based mostly on the form of the organism Cladistics Reflects relationships, based on form and on behavior, DNA (genetics), biochemistry, etc.

2. Figure 25.1 How to Read a Phylogenetic Tree (Part 1)

3. Binomial nomenclature The biological classification system was organized by Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s. Binomial nomenclature gives every species a unique, unambiguous name. made of the genus and specific epithet. Every species has two names: the genus (group of closely related species) to which it belongs, and the species name. The name of the taxonomist who first described the species is often included. Example: Homo sapiens

4. Taxonomical organization Linnaean System

5. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus & Species Remember …. Kings Play Chess on Fridays. Great sport! Genus is always capitalized species is always lower case.

6. There is only one Felis concolor Also called PumaCatamount Mountain Lion American Lion PainterPanther

7. Foreign Language no Barrier! perd (Afrikaans) perd (Afrikaans) kalë (Albanian) kalë (Albanian) حصان (Arabic) حصان (Arabic) zaldi (Basque) zaldi (Basque) 馬 (Chinese) 馬 (Chinese) hest (Danish) hest (Danish) ĉevalo (Esperanto) ĉevalo (Esperanto) kabayo (Tagalog) kabayo (Tagalog) cheval (French) cheval (French) Pferd (German) Pferd (German) घोड़ा (Hindi) घोड़ा (Hindi) 馬 (Japanese) 馬 (Japanese) equus (Latin) equus (Latin) caballo (Spanish) caballo (Spanish) To all scientists: Equus caballus

8. “Nearly Alive” Viruses have genetic material, but it is only active when within the cells of a living organism. Viruses have genetic material, but it is only active when within the cells of a living organism. If they are not inside a cell, they cannot reproduce or use energy to organize their matter If they are not inside a cell, they cannot reproduce or use energy to organize their matter They die easily because they cannot maintain a stable internal environment They die easily because they cannot maintain a stable internal environment

9. Two Types of Virus

12. Announcements Journal Make-ups: Turn in by 10/19 Journal Make-ups: Turn in by 10/19 –Resubmit Journal with A) GRADING SHEET and NOTE LISTING PAGES WITH CORRECTIONS OR B) NOTE from Parent/guardian explaining why it’s so late Test Make-Ups (Nature of Science) Test Make-Ups (Nature of Science) –Today after school –Tomorrow at Lunch –Tomorrow after school –Or Monday (L/AS) – but not for Prog. Rep’t

13. The 3 Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

14. 3 Domains have certain characteristics in common Members of all the domains: Have an evolutionary history Have an evolutionary history Use DNA for reproduction Use DNA for reproduction Use energy to organize their matter Use energy to organize their matter Maintain a constant internal environment Maintain a constant internal environment Interact with other organisms & the environment Interact with other organisms & the environment

15. Two Cell Types Prokaryotes: Very small, very simple cells; may form chains, but do not form more complex organisms. “Bacteria” Prokaryotes: Very small, very simple cells; may form chains, but do not form more complex organisms. “Bacteria” Eukaryotes: What we normally think of as “cells.” May be single-celled organisms or parts of larger organisms. May be specialized. Eukaryotes: What we normally think of as “cells.” May be single-celled organisms or parts of larger organisms. May be specialized.

17. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission divide by binary fission DNA is a single circular molecule DNA is a single circular molecule no membrane- enclosed organelles. no membrane- enclosed organelles. Eukaryotic Cells Divide by mitosis Divide by mitosis DNA is in many short bar-shaped chromosomes DNA is in many short bar-shaped chromosomes Has membrane- enclosed organelles Has membrane- enclosed organelles

19. Where Are Prokaryotes Found? Prokaryotes are the most successful organisms on Earth in terms of number of individuals. The number of prokaryotes in the ocean is perhaps 100 million times as great as the number of stars in the visible universe. They are found in every type of habitat on Earth.

20. 3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms Three Domains of life: Archaea—prokaryotes Archaea—prokaryotes Bacteria—prokaryotes Bacteria—prokaryotes Eukarya—eukaryotes Eukarya—eukaryotes NOTE: YOUR NOTE: YOUR BOOK IS NOT UP TO DATE ON THIS!

21. 3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms SIX KINGDOMS of life: Archaea— Archaeabacteria Archaea— Archaeabacteria Bacteria— Eubacteria Bacteria— Eubacteria Eukarya—Plant, Animal, Fungus, Protist Eukarya—Plant, Animal, Fungus, Protist

22. The three (3) Domains Archaea: Added to the list in the 1970s. Significantly different from regular bacteria. Archaea: Added to the list in the 1970s. Significantly different from regular bacteria. Similar to earliest organisms Similar to earliest organisms Extremophiles Extremophiles

23. Archaea: Life at the Edge

24. ARCHAEA - Euryarchaeota Some Euryarcheota are methanogens— produce methane (CH 4 ) by reducing CO 2 —obligate anaerobes. Methanogens release 2 billion tons of methane per year. Many live in the guts of grazing mammals. Methanopyrus lives in deep-ocean hydrothermal vents.

25. ARCHAEA - Euryarchaeota Extreme halophiles (salt lovers) have pink carotenoid pigments, making them easy to see. Have been found at pH up to 11.5. They live in the most salty, most alkaline environments on Earth. Some have a light-absorbing molecule bacteriorhodopsin, and can form ATP by a chemiosmotic process.

26. ARCHAEA - Crenoarchaeota Thermoplasma is another example of thermophilic and acidophilic archea, has aerobic metabolism, and lives in coal deposits. Has the smallest genome of the Archaea; genome size is comparable to Mycoplasmas. San Francisco Bay seawater evaporating ponds are attractive homes for halophiles Archea

27. the newest ARCHAEA - Korarchaeota The Korarchaeota are known only by evidence from DNA isolated from hot springs. Nanoarchaeota are so called because of their small size. Discovered in deep sea vents off Iceland; they live attached to cells of the crenarcheota Ignicoccus.

28. ARCHAEA

29. Figure 26.1 The Three Domains of the Living World

30. Bacteria Many species play many positive roles in such diverse applications as cheese making, sewage treatment, and production of antibiotics, vitamins, and chemicals. Only a small minority of known prokaryotes are human pathogens (disease-causing organisms).

31. Bacteria Many Bacteria are decomposers—they metabolize organic compounds in dead organisms and other organic materials. The products such as carbon dioxide are returned to the environment, key steps in the cycling of elements.