1. Cultural Geography

2. Maps reflect change over time Knowledge Place names Boundaries Perspective of place names Disputed Areas

3. Knowledge Map of Columbus’ time Satellite images GIS

5. Place Names Formosa, Taiwan, Republic of China Palestine, Israel, Occupied Territories

6. Boundaries Africa-1914, 1990 Europe –Before World War II and after, since 1990 Russia and former Soviet Union Middle East-Before 1948, After 1967

10. Perspectives of place names Arabian Gulf v. Persian Gulf Sea of Japan v. East Sea Middle East v. North Africa and Southwest Asia

11. Disputed areas Korea Western Sahara Former Yugoslavia Kashmir

17. Cultural Difference can link or divide regions Language Ethnic Heritage Religion as a unifying force Religion as a diverse force

18. Language Arab World-Arabic Hispanic America-Spanish Brazil (Portuguese) Canada-French/English Switzerland multiple languages English, French, Italian, German English-World language

19. Ethnic Heritage Yugoslavia-Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, Albanians Burundi and Rwanda-Hutus and Tutsis United States and Switzerland-unity in multiple ethnic countries Korea and Japan -predominantly single ethnicity Cyrus-Greece and Turks

20. Religion as a unifying force Hinduism Buddhism Judaism Christianity Islam

21. Religion as a divisive force Conflicts between Hindus and Muslims in Pakistan and India Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland Jews, Christians, and Muslims all claiming Jerusalem as their religious heritage site.

22. Divisions are regions of the Earth’s surface over which groups of people establish social, economic, and political control. Countries Alliances

23. Alliances: Economic and Political North Atlantic Treaty Organization European Union Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries North American Free Trade Agreement Commonweath of Nations Red Cross/Red Cresent Organization of American States League of Arab States Association of Southeast Asian Nations African Union

24. Spatial divisions may generate conflict Differences in culture, language, religion Retention of historical boundaries Imperial conquest and control Economic similarities and differences Boundary and territorial disputes Cultural differences Economic Difference Ethnic Difference Nationalism

25. Boundary and territorial disputes Syria /Israel –Golan Heights Western Sahara/Morocco China/ Taiwan India/Pakistan-Kashmir Iraq/ Kuwait

27. Cultural Difference Indonesia Canada (Quebec) Ireland Sudan

28. Economic Difference Fertile Land Access to fresh water Access to coast Fishing rights Natural resources Economic Difference

29. Ethnic Difference Balkans Cyprus Rwanda and Burundi Kashmir

30. Cooperation may eliminate the need for the division and control of the Earth’s surface Humanitarian initiatives (red cross/red crescent) Economic alliance (law of the sea, China, and the US, Multinational corporations, NAFTA Cultural alliance-Francophone world Military Alliance North Atlantic Treaty Organization Problem solving Antarctica Treaty Program to promote international understanding Alliance for environmental preservation Foreign Aid